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Carbon and low alloy steels (CS and LAS, respectively) used for exploration and production in the oil and gas (O&G) industry are normally exposed to environments that may contain H2S in a wide range of concentrations. In aqueous solutions, H2S acts as a cathodic poison.1,2 A cathodic poison inhibits the recombination of atomic hydrogen to H2, and as a result, favors its absorption by the metal.1,2 In the presence of a susceptible microstructure and the simultaneous effect of applied or residual tensile stress, a crack can nucleate and propagate, when a critical concentration of hydrogen is reached in the metal.3 This environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) phenomenon is known as Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC).2 SSC is commonly addressed as a case of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) damage.2
Various corrosion prediction tools for CO₂/H₂S corrosion have been developed in the past thirty years. For corrosion analysis in oil and gas production, the water chemistry largely determines the corrosion rate which is mainly driven by in-situ pH.
The in-situ water or brine is pressurized with acid gases (CO₂/H₂S) which results in a decrease in pH and typically an increase in the corrosion rate.
HFW pipes is considered a cost-effective pipe option for oil and gas pipeline projects. The HFW seam performance is always a concern, especially in challenging environments such as low temperature applications and wet sour services. One of the challenges include the seam properties to resist sulfide stress cracking (SSC) or hydrogen embrittlement (HE) when exposed to hydrogen charging environment such as a wet sour service.
A 9-5/8 inch (244.8 mm) Tubing Retrievable Safety Valve (TRSV), which is a type of Sub Surface Safety Valve (SSSV) governed by API Specification 14A, was found to have failed when retrieved during workover operations in a gas production well in June 2019. This TRSV was installed in the well in November 2013 and was in production service from 2015 until November 2018 when the well was shut in for maintenance of surface equipment. In March 2019, with the well still shut in for maintenance, a rapid increase in the tubing-casing annulus (TCA) pressure was observed.
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) presents risk to operators and infrastructure in many industries. This work shows the continued potential of novel sulphidogenesis-inhibitory compounds and recent gains towards decreasing the impact of H2S production and on MIC.
Hard spot cracking is a type of sulfide stress cracking (SSC), which is a common type of HydrogenEmbrittlement (HE). The embrittlement by SSC is attributed to the hydrogen atoms (H+), as corrosion byproduct, that permeate/diffuse through the metal with the presence of H2S. Then, when hydrogen atoms get entrapped at specific microstructural configurations, material ductility will be impaired and material will be embrittled [2].
Over the past decade, there has been increasing interest in the corrosion behavior of carbon steels in supercritical CO2 conditions. Unlike the case of carbon capture and storage (CCS) where small amounts of water are present, the exploitation of fields with high pressures of CO2 needs to consider the presence of formation water, which presents strong corrosivity. It has been reported that the aqueous corrosion rate of carbon steel at high CO2 pressures (liquid and supercritical CO2) without protective FeCO3 corrosion product layers is very high (>20 mm/y) due to the high concentrations of corrosive species such as H+ and H2CO3.1-5 Steels with low Cr contents (i.e., 1% Cr and 3% Cr) have shown no beneficial effect in terms of reducing the corrosion rate to admissible values.6 Therefore, controlling corrosion in these cases usually involves the use of corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) or corrosion inhibitors (CI). Adequate protection of carbon steel was achieved by applying CI in high pressure CO2 environments.6
Requisitos materiales para resistencia a tensofisuación por sulfuros (SSC) de soldaduras y microestructuras en ambientes con H2S húmedo ("sour environments").
All three parts of ANSI/NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 with changes made to the 2009 edition and published in the 2015 edition marked for easy reference. The changes are clearly shown.