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New gas field expansion will provide offshore facilities to process non-associated gas, where the newgas gathering system takes non-associated gas from offshore gas wells and transports it throughpipeline to onshore processing plants. The gas is very corrosive due to high levels of H2S and CO2 acidgases content. Further hydrate control is achieved by injecting mono ethylene glycol (MEG).
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According to ISO 15156(1) standard, the acceptability limits of duplex stainless steels for a safe use in exploration and production environments are defined based on the PREN (Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number) of the considered alloy. For a duplex stainless steel with 30 < PREN < 40 (typical of 22%Cr steels), the alloy is acceptable up to a H2S partial pressure of 0.1 bar while this partial pressure can be increased up to 0.2 bar if 40 < PREN < 45 (typical of 25%Cr steels).
HISTORICAL DOCUMENT. Cracking in wet H2S petroleum refinery environments. Detection, repair, and mitigation of cracking of existing carbon steel refinery equipment.
This standard is intended to be a primary source of information on cracking in wet H2S petroleum refinery environments and provides guidelines on the detection, repair, and mitigation of cracking of existing carbon steel refinery equipment in wet H2S environments.
In this work, a specially made sample holder that can be fitted inside regular autoclaves was used for simulating sour TLC in the presence of methanol. The experiments showed that for 10 bar H2S + 10 bar CO2, the TLC mass loss rate was 0.2-0.3 mm/y of general corrosion without localized attacks.
Mitigating oil and gas production with chemical inhibitors is challenging when high temperature (>120°C) and H2S is present. The high temperatures associated with deep wells and thermal recovery methods demand an advancement in conventional inhibitor technologies. Traditional organic inhibitors struggle to protect carbon steel assets lending them susceptible to localized corrosion in sour environments. These environments require inhibitors with a combined thermal stability and persistency to provide uniform filming and corrosion protection.
For high temperature corrosion applications imidazoline chemistry ranks highly as a chemistry likely to be able to mitigate corrosion at elevated temperatures. However, at temperatures between 120 and 150°C performance is very system specific while over 150°C performance can be severely limited. An extensive in-house screening program was undertaken which identified a generic chemistry (pyrimidine) that exhibited the required performance characteristics up to 175°C for a variety of field applications. Based on this work, several other materials exhibited performance benefits for alternate applications, for instance high temperature, deep water applications. Laboratory testing of the novel corrosion inhibitors at high temperatures, also highlighted the limitations of corrosion test methodologies for evaluating inhibitors under extreme conditions.
High strength low alloy (HSLA) steels are preferred for oil and gas pipelines due to their outstanding mechanical properties. Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) has been a major problem for the application of HSLA carbon steel because of the wet H2S environment which commonly presents in oil and gas industry. Several techniques are applied to the study of SSC of steels, including constant load test with smooth specimens and DCB testing.