AMPP Store - Products tagged with 'hydrogen stress cracking'

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51317--9655-The Effect of Hydrogen on Plain and Notched Test Specimens of PH Nickel Alloys

Product Number: 51317--9655-SG

ISBN: 9655 2017 CP

Author: Stephen McCoy

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This paper reviews previous work and shows laboratory results using different test techniques to demonstrate the influence of yield strength and microstructure on the resistance to Hydrogen Stress Cracking of precipitation hardenable Nickel alloys N07718, N09925, N07725, N09945 and N09946.

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51318-10508-HSLA material design and its susceptibility to cracking during acidic stimulation jobs in Shale well

Product Number: 51318-10508-SG

Author: Carlos Blanc / Guillermo Echaniz / Ramiro Mazzina / Gustavo Kissner

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

This paper presents the experimental work done with different API 5CT P110 materials under high levels of stress created by a solution of HCl acid.

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AMPP TR21524-2023, Commentary on Standards Development for Selection and Qualification of HSC-Resistant Materials in Subsea Service with Cathodic Protection

Product Number: AMPP TR21524-2023

Publication Date: 2023

$109.00

As a companion document to MR21525, this Technical Report provides results, review and commentary on many investigations of HSC and includes important literature data, references, background information, service experience and related standards that were utilized in the development of the AMPP MR21525. Most of the information in this Technical Report covers findings from HSC field experience and HSC data from brine/CP exposure tests or from other cathodic charging experiments. It is important to note, in the use of MR21525 and in the review of data contained herein, that HSC can also be induced from hydrogenating environments and conditions other than from just from CP exposure alone. A non-exhaustive list of such conditions is presented later in this Technical Report.

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Comments On Standards Development For Selection And Specification Of Subsea Materials

Product Number: 51322-17491-SG

Author: Russell D. Kane

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In the oil and gas industry, the major standard for material selection today is ANSI¹/NACE² MR0175/ISO 15156 Parts 1-3. [1] While this standard deals extensively with environment cracking and its prevention for materials under exposure to production environments containing H₂S, CO2, chlorides, and sulfur, it does not include any guidance or material requirements for resistance to environmental cracking (such as hydrogen stress cracking – HSC, or otherwise) under variable subsea conditions that involve exposure to seawater with varying levels of cathodic protection (CP). ISO 21457 [2] provides further guidance for materials selection and corrosion control for oil and gas production systems but does not provide adequate coverage of the issue of environmental cracking in subsea applications with CP.

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Contribution to the Understanding of Hydrogen Stress Cracking Initiation and Propagation in Nickel Based Alloys

Product Number: 51323-18873-SG

Author: Bruce Cowe, Flavien Vucko, Hervé Marchebois, Laurent Ponson

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

This paper presents work in follow-up to the previous study. It is focused on UNS1 N07718, UNS N09925, UNS N07725 and UNS N09946. A series of incremental step load tests of compact tensile specimens were conducted to measure the fracture toughness during testing and cracking was monitored by the Electric Crack Growth Monitoring technique. A new engineering technique, referred to as statistical fractography, was used to investigate the fracture surface morphology and extract from it the fracture properties of the alloys.

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Environmentally Assisted Cracking Of Nickel Based Alloy 955 In Saltwater With Cathodic Protection For HPHT Application

Product Number: 51322-17768-SG

Author: Arshad B Gavanluei, Vipul Shinde, Manuel Marya, Ramgopal Thodla, Alexis Simon, Stanley Gregory

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Precipitation hardened (PH) Ni-based alloys have been utilized in oil and gas industry for decades. Among them, UNS1 N07718 because of its performance in sour wellbore fluids and in hydrogen charging environments has received the most attention for multiple upstream applications such as tubing hangers, production stab, multi-phase flow meter bodies, valve stems, etc. It has been reported that the alloy performance is generally acceptable for many applications up to 175 °C (350 °F) – 204 °C (400 °F) in the exposed wellbore environments such as sour production fluid, completion brine, and depending on metallurgical processing and microstructure externally exposed to SWCP at the seabed temperature.

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Evaluation of Susceptibility of an API 5L X-52 Pipeline Steel to Hydrogen Stress Cracking and Ethanol Stress Corrosion Cracking in Bio-Based Fuel Grade Ethanol Feedstocks

Product Number: 51323-18794-SG

Author: Jie He, Brent Sherar, Peter Ellis II, Russ Kane

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Over the past two decades, bio-based fuel-grade ethanols (BFGEs), derived from a variety of agriculture feedstocks (e.g., corn, sugar cane, soybean oil, and sugar beet), are increasingly being used as a renewable energy source to reduce the dependence of fossil fuels for motor vehicle applications. One cost-effective and environmentally benign way to transport BFGEs is through steel transmission pipelines. However, cases of environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) in the transportation of BFGEs have been documented including some in pipelines.

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Evaluation of the Hydrogen Diffusion and Transport Kinetics in ASTM A508 Grade 4N

Product Number: 51321-16404-SG

Author: Esteban Rodoni/Andreas Viereckl/Zakaria Quadir/Garry Leadbeater/Mariano Iannuzzi

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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High-strength Nickel Low Alloy Steels for Oil and Gas Equipment: ASTM A508 Grade 4N under cathodic protection and simulated sour environments.

Product Number: 51320-14706-SG

Author: Andreas Viereckl, Esteban Rodoni, Zakaria Quadir, Garry Leadbeater and Mariano Iannuzzi, Yuta Honma

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Low alloy steels (LASs) combine relatively low cost with exceptional mechanical properties, making LASs commonplace in Oil and Gas equipment. However, the strength and hardness of LASs for sour environments and for applications that generate atomic hydrogen at the surface, e.g., cathodic protection, is limited to prevent different forms of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) such as hydrogen stress cracking (HSC) and sulfide stress cracking (SSC). As a result, the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of forged LASs for, e.g., subsea components, rarely exceeds 550 MPa (80 ksi), while the most common pipeline steels are API(1) X65 to X70, with a SMYS of 450 MPa (65 ksi) and 482 MPa (70 ksi), respectively. Moreover, ISO(2) 15156-2 restricts LASs to a maximum of 1.0 wt% Ni due to SSC concerns. The LASs that exceed the ISO 15156-2 limit have to be qualified for service, lowering their commercial appeal.

In this work, the HSC resistance of the high-nickel (3.41 wt%), quenched and tempered (Q&T), nuclear-grade ASTM(3) A508 Gr.4N LAS was investigated using slow strain rate testing (SSRT) as a function of applied cathodic potential. Results showed that the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) were unaffected by hydrogen, even at a high negative potential of -2.0 VAg/AgCl. HE effects were observed once the material started necking, manifested by a loss in ductility with increasing applied cathodic potentials. Indeed, A508 Gr.4N was less affected by H at high cathodic potentials than a low-strength (YS = 340 MPa) ferritic-pearlitic LAS of similar nickel content. SSRT results were linked to microstructure features, which were characterized by light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD).

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Hydrogen Stress Cracking Resistance Of High Strength Alloys For Subsea Fasteners

Product Number: 51321-16709-SG

Author: Thierry Cassagne, Dominique Thierry

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

Bolted connections for subsea flanges and other components must be reliable as they are often used for pressure containing components (subsea Christmas trees, connectors …). When possible, the primary choice for bolting is low-alloy steel with a limitation of actual yield strength (135 ksi) and a maximum hardness of 34 HRC to prevent HSC.

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Hydrogen Stress Cracking Resistance of Precipitation Hardenable Nickel Alloys and Optimization

Product Number: 51324-20719-SG

Author: Stephen McCoy; Brian A. Baker; William MacDonald

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The material trend in the Oil & Gas sector is for high strength materials with high levels of corrosion resistance to resist increasingly harsh sour downhole environments. Compared to sweet wells the presence of hydrogen sulphide, elemental sulphur and hydrogen generally requires material selection of tubular and bar products in high performance stainless steels and nickel base alloys to withstand the pressures and temperatures. The materials of choice must be corrosion resistant, cost effective, reliable and have the strength required for the well design conditions. The material selection for downhole and well head equipment such as hangers, sub-surface safety valves, pumps and packers require age-hardenable materials to obtain the strength in heavier cross sections which cannot be strengthened by cold work. The commonly used nickel alloys for the sour service applications are alloy UNS N09925 (925), alloy UNS N07718 (718) and alloy UNS N07725 (725) with the more recently developed alloy UNS N09945 (945) and alloy UNS N09946 (945X) designed for HP/HT and sour wells. The metallurgical stability and freedom from detrimental phases of these materials being increasingly important to optimise the mechanical and corrosion resistant properties, particularly as larger section thicknesses of higher strength materials. The effect of the microstructure of these materials is shown to have a significant effect on the resistance to hydrogen attack and corrosion in sour environments. Optimising the compositional control, thermomechanical processing and microstructure is shown to give significant improvements in resistance to sour corrosion and hydrogen stress cracking resistance of materials used for critical downhole components. Over recent years there has been increasing industry demand to improve quality control and categorise the various PH Nickel alloy grades resistance to Hydrogen Stress Cracking (HSC) for critical High Pressure-High Temperature environments. HSC is a complex corrosion mechanism with many factors including composition, strength, microstructure, and grain boundary cleanliness influencing susceptibility. Evaluation efforts have used multiple techniques to measure the effects of HSC resistance, with this paper focusing on the Slow Strain Rate Test (SSRT) method according to TM0198 Method C(1) and using the quality control standard API*6ACRA(2). The purpose of the paper is to present results using the TM0198:C slow strain rate test method in a hydrogen charging environment and show the HSC resistance of the grades 925, 718, 945, 945X, and 725. This paper shows how the composition can be controlled within the defined limits of the alloy grade to optimise the HSC resistance by reducing precipitation of deleterious phases and reduce mill heat batch variation. The SSRT results are compared with mechanical properties determined according to API6ACRA(2) and detailed microstructural analysis.

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Optimisation Of Hydrogen Stress Cracking Resistance Of High Strength Precipitation Hardened Nickel Alloys

Product Number: 51322-17960-SG

Author: Stephen McCoy, Brian A. Baker, William MacDonald

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The Precipitation Hardenable (PH) Nickel alloys N09925, N07718, N09945, N09946 and N07725 are widely used for critical downhole oil field applications such as high strength tubing hangers and completion equipment. The materials are particularly useful in High Pressure/High Temperature wells where high strength and corrosion resistance are required in H₂S containing production fluids. Over the last 20 years a limited number of field failure investigations in PH Nickel alloys have been related to the presence of sufficient amounts of intergranular precipitates promoting hydrogen embrittlement, which results in brittle cracking of UNS alloys N07718 ^3,4 and alloy N07725⁵ and N07716⁶.

Products tagged with 'hydrogen stress cracking'

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