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Ni-based alloys and stainless steels have superior mechanical properties and good resistance to general and localized corrosion, mainly due to the formation of a passive film. Due to their properties, Ni-basedalloys and stainless steels have been historically used in applications where an aggressive environment is involved. For example, Ni- and Fe- based alloys have been extensively used in the nuclear powerindustry. Despite their good corrosion performance, these materials have been shown to suffer from environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) in certain environments.
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In oil & gas industry, solid metal equipment such as pipelines, pressure vessels, heat exchangers and valves are susceptible to surface and sub-surface cracks and discontinuities attributed to cyclic loading and severe operating conditions. These anomalies affect the safety, structural functionality, reliability, integrity and life cycle of the equipment and if not detected timely, they could lead to catastrophic incidents. Consequently, this gave rise to the importance of different Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) methods and their abilities to detect and characterize surface discontinuity providing useful information to the structural integrity assessment.
In all nuclear power generating countries, high-activity, long-lived radioactive waste is an unavoidable by-product of the contribution of this energy to the global electricity generation. Disposal in deep, stable geological formations is, at present, the most promising option accepted at an international level for the long-term management of these wastes. Geological disposal relies on a combination of engineered (man-made) barriers and a natural barrier (the host rock), in order to prevent radionuclides and other contaminants ever reaching concentrations outside the container at which they could present an unacceptable risk for people and the environment.
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) growth in 300-series stainless steels (SS) exposed to high temperature water is known to generally increase with increasing levels of cold work. The influence of cold work on SCC has been reported for both oxygenated boiling water reactor (BWR) normal water chemistry as well as for hydrogenated pressurized water reactor (PWR) water chemistry.
To restrain the failure of plate heat exchanger in customer boiler working fluid, the effect of crevice former type on the corrosion behavior of Type 316L (UNS S31603) stainless steel plate was investigated using electrochemical methods and surface analysis in chloride-containing synthetic tap water.
Austenitic stainless steels (SS), such as 304L and 316L alloys, are largely used for structural components in nuclear power plants due to their good corrosion resistance, especially under high temperatures and aqueous environments. However, operational experience on the primary circuit of pressurized water reactors (PWRs) has shown an increasing number of cases of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) on austenitic stainless steels components after long-term exposure.
In a polycrystalline material, the stress distribution on a microscopic scale is not uniform due to the elastic anisotropy and slip systems of constituent crystal grains. This leads to localized high stresses, especially at grain boundaries, when a load is applied to the material. In this paper, this localized stress is called as “microscopic stress”, distinguishing it from that in a homogeneous continuous body.
High-strength aerospace aluminum alloys, such as AA7075-T651, are susceptible to environmental assisted cracking (EAC) under the right combinations of stress, environment, and microstructure. EAC presents a serious risk to structures and equipment operated in corrosive conditions. Studies of EAC in aluminum alloys have highlighted the importance of both anodic dissolution and hydrogen embrittlement to EAC initiation and propagation.1–4 The EAC response of alloys under variable atmospheric conditions is of particular importance for assessing material performance for aerospace applications.
The catastrophic failure of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) carbon steel C110 pipelines can cause huge economic loss and environmental pollution. Most studies reported that sulfide stress cracking (SSC) is the principal failure type of C110 pipelines in sour environments. The mechanism of SSC can be described as follows: The adsorbed H2S on the steel surface can accelerate the hydrogen uptake by accelerating the hydrogen reduction reaction and catalyzing the hydrogen absorption process. The absorbed hydrogen atoms accumulate in the stress-concentrated region.
The growth rate of small and long stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue cracks in 12Cr steam turbine blade steels in low conductivity water containing 35 ppm Cl- (simulating upset steam condensate chemistry) showed a significant dependence on crack size for the same mechanical driving force.