AMPP Store - Products tagged with 'stress corrosion cracking'

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Environmentally-Assisted Cracking (SSC And SCC) Of Martensitic Stainless Steel OCTG Material In Sour Environment In 5%Nacl And 20%Nacl Solution

Product Number: 51322-17563-SG

Author: Yuichi Kamo, Yusuke Mizuno, Yasuhide Ishiguro

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Martensitic stainless steels for OCTG materials are widely used in sweet and mild sour conditions. Environmentally-assisted cracking (EAC) is a major corrosion-related issue when using stainless steels as OCTG materials. The EAC in specific oil/gas well conditions with sour environments is defined as sulfide stress cracking (SSC) and stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The SSC is a type of cracking caused by hydrogen embrittlement, which is attributed to a cathodic reaction under acidic conditions, while SCC is associated with an anodic reaction. SSC testing for martensitic stainless steels for OCTG material is often carried out at or near ambient temperature under conditions simulating condensed water, and SCC tests are conducted at higher temperatures under conditions simulating formation water and/or the brine availability test.

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Erosion and Corrosion Assessment of Type 304L Stainless Steel Jumper Removed from Nuclear Waste Transfer Service

Product Number: 51324-20634-SG

Author: Sheewa X. Feng; Jason S. Page

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

A pipe connection assembly (jumper), fabricated from Type 304L stainless steel, was used to transfer nuclear waste from one tank to other tanks on the Hanford Site. After serving as the routing connection for approximately 11 million liters of tank waste over approximately 11 months, the jumper was removed from service and examined to determine any erosion, pitting, cracking, or other forms of degradation to the jumper. Ultrasonic transducer measurements for wall thickness before and after service at the same selected locations show that there was no measurable wall loss, and no erosion patterns were observed. After the ultrasonic transducer measurement, the jumper section was cut open to expose the inner surface for detailed examination by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The straight pipe sections at both upstream and downstream locations looked pristine, while discoloring was observed at the two welds, in the heat-affected zone, and in nearby regions joining the elbow and straight pipes. There was no erosion, pitting corrosion, or flow-induced corrosion, nor were there other corrosion mechanisms in evidence except for a crack-like feature observed at the boundary of the base metal and weld. Material etching didn't show alignment of the crack with grain boundaries. Degree of sensitization measurement shows that the weld and heat-affected zone, including the neighboring base, was only slightly sensitized during the manufacturing process. The results suggest that there is very low likelihood that the crack-like feature observed from the weld cross section was the result of stress corrosion cracking. Overall, the jumper performed well during the waste transfer process.

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Evaluation of Thermally Diffused Zinc Coatings for Anti-galling Treatment for Rotary Shouldered Connections

Product Number: 51323-19361-SG

Author: Reece Goldsberry, Tony Collins, Krutibas Panda, Zvi Ben Zvi

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Rotary shouldered connections are commonly used in the oil and gas industry as the preferred connection method between drill string elements. A wide variety of materials are used in the drillstring make up, each with different properties and galling behavior. Non-magnetic austenitic stainless steel (AuSS) alloys are frequently used in measurement/logging-while-drilling (M/LWD) tools. CrMnN AuSS were commonly used to produce M/LWD tools and have decent galling resistance but are prone to failure due to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) during operation.

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Evaluation Of Titanium 475 Alloy For Use In Oil And Gas Environments

Product Number: 51322-17840-SG

Author: William. D. MacDonald, Mikel Hogan, Dennis Dunlap

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

ASTM Grade 29 titanium alloy (UNS R56404) has been traditionally used for oil and gas stress joints (TSJ). However, given the general difficulty of processing this type of alloy in the beta quenched condition and more recently the exorbitant increase in alloying costs due to the ruthenium, a new solution is required if titanium is to be considered for future applications. This 475 alloy was developed to meet geothermal requirements to replace Grade 29 seamless casing. The essential material properties of Grade 29 in bulk and welded condition as used for titanium stress joints were reported by Shutz et al.

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Examination Of A Ferritic Martensitic Steel Following Irradiation And High Temperature Water Corrosion

Product Number: 51322-18127-SG

Author: Ronald N. Clark, Tomas Martin, Dong Liu, Kun Mo, Jean-Charles Eloi, Robert Burrows, Sean Davis, David Kumar, Chris Harrington, Chris Jones

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Nuclear energy currently contributes approximately 10 % of the worldwide energy mix.¹ Nuclear energy generation is a form of low-carbon electricity, typically run as base-load, which alongside renewables can help nations toward climate change goals. Nuclear fission thermal reactors make up the majority of the reactors operating today. Nuclear fusion on the other hand is a promising alternative which produces less radioactive waste and does not have a reliance on the finite source of uranium fuel. Eurofer-97, a reduced activation ferritic-martensitic (RAFM) steel, will be used as a structural material for fusion reactors. The earliest literature reference to RAFM steels originated from 1994 by Abe et al.² One option for the European demonstration fusion reactor (DEMO) is to use a water-cooled lead-lithium (PbLi) breeder blanket (WCLL BB) design for heat extraction. Breeder blankets will be used to generate a source of tritium, for the fusion reaction with deuterium.

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Failure Analysis On A Carbon Steel Pulsation Dampener In Glycol Service Using Statistical Fractography Highlights A Stress Corrosion Cracking Contribution

Product Number: 51322-17774-SG

Author: Bruce Cowe, Hervé Marchebois, Gustavo Gimenes, Laurent Ponson, Nicolas Auvray

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

A cold-worked carbon steel pulsation dampener located on a glycol circulation pump failed catastrophically in service. The two parts of the failed dampener were projected several tens of meters across the offshore facility. The failure was investigated initially using traditional metallurgical techniques, but this failed to reach a conclusive failure mechanism.

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Fatigue and Static Crack Growth Rate of Cr-Mn Stainless Steel in Aerated Brine Simulating Drilling Applications

Product Number: 51323-19152-SG

Author: Ashwini Chandra, Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper, Ramgopal Thodla

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Directional drilling tools for oil and gas exploration is one industrial application where Manganese (Mn)-stabilized austenitic stainless steels with different amounts of other alloying elements like Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni) and Molybdenum (Mo) have found extensive use in spite of the demanding requirements in terms of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The limited resistance of this type of austenitic stainless steels to environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) in hot chloride (Cl-)-containing environments is well known. Chloride-bearing environments at elevated temperatures are not uncommon in drilling operations and can indeed challenge the EAC-resistance of CrMn-stainless steels

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Fitness-for-Purpose Testing of UNS R30003, UNS R30035, UNS N07718 and UNS N09946 in Environment with H2S, CO2, and High-Chlorides

Product Number: 51324-20839-SG

Author: Noelle Easter C. Co; Ravi M. Krishnamurthy; Kenneth George; Bjørn-Andreas Hugaas; Ragnar Marcelius Fredriksen

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Critical equipment in high pressure high temperature (HPHT) oil and gas wells are commonly made of superalloys. Components in these wells require both high strength and corrosion resistance. In this study, four superalloys: Elgiloy (UNS R30003), MP35N (UNS R30035), Alloy 718 (UNS N07718) and 945X (UNS N09946) were tested in an environment with H2S, CO2, and high chlorides. Four-point bend tests were performed with N07718 and UNS N09946 materials while three-point bend tests were done on UNS R30003 and UNS R30035 in an autoclave with pH2S of 0.025 bar and pCO2 16.6 bar, and 308 g/L Cl- at 363°F for 30 days. Neither cracking nor pitting was observed on any of the four-point or three-point bend specimens. In addition to four-point bend testing, slow strain rate tests were performed on UNS N07718 and UNS N09946 materials. Results of the slow strain rate test showed no significant decrease in ductility in either UNS N09946 or UNS N07718. However, UNS N09946 performed better than UNS N07718 in a high chloride environment based solely on SSRT results.

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Formicary Corrosion And EAC Of Copper Tubes In Contact With Building Sealant

Product Number: 51322-17846-SG

Author: Kimberly Steine

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Blue discoloration of off-white sealant in contact with copper tube at medical facilities under
construction was observed. The copper tube was being installed to transport medical-grade gasses and the sealant was used as an acoustical and smoke sealant at through-wall penetrations. In some areas of one facility, galvanized steel pipes inserts were used as sleeves for the copper pipes through the drywall, while in other areas, the copper pipe penetrated directly through the drywall. Observations of the discoloration prompted an evaluation of the copper tube, sealant, and potential adverse interactions.

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H2S, CO2 and High Chloride Downhole Environment Modelling and Fitness for Purpose Testing of UNS S39274, UNS N08535 and UNS N06255 Corrosion Resistant Alloys

Product Number: 51324-20838-SG

Author: Noelle Easter C. Co; Ravi M. Krishnamurthy; Kenneth George; Bjørn-Andreas Hugaas; Ragnar Marcelius Fredriksen

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Aker BP is planning to drill four high-pressure, high-temperature wells in a gas field. The produced fluids are primarily composed of gas condensate with formation water. The operator anticipates a chloride environment greater than 120,000 mg/L in these four wells. ISO 15156 specifies a chloride limit of 120,000 mg/L for super duplex alloys for downhole applications. The objectives of this study are to determine the chemistry inside these four wells, to identify the test parameters representative of the downhole environment, and to assess if UNS S39274, UNS N08535 and UNS N06255 are suitable tubing materials. Thermodynamic modeling based on the anticipated production rate from each well was employed for the determination of downhole chemistry. Results show that chloride concentration can reach 308,000 mg/L. Scaling of halite, barite, calcite, and aragonite was also predicted to occur at certain depths inside the well. The parameters used for fitness-for-purpose testing were selected based on chloride conditions with and without halite scaling. The performance of UNS S39274, UNS N08535 and UNS N06255 was assessed using four-point bend tests, crevice corrosion tests, and slow strain rate tests in the simulated downhole environment with 0.025 bar pH2S, 16.6 bar pCO2 and high chloride concentration. No cracking was observed on UNS S39274 and UNS N06255 four-point bend specimens. However, one out of twelve UNS N08535 specimens tested exhibited a crack at a location outside the inner roller of the four-point bend jig. The corrosion rates of UNS S39274, UNS N08535, and UNS N06255 based on mass loss are 0.18 mpy, 0.23 mpy, and 0.09 mpy, respectively. Slow strain rate test results showed no significant loss in ductility, and no secondary cracking when specimens were tested in downhole high chloride conditions. The overall results of the study indicated that these corrosion resistant alloys are able to withstand chloride concentrations beyond the specified limits when H2S partial pressure is low.

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Heat Treatment of Heat Exchanger U-bends - Practices on Different Materials and Case Histories of Failures

Product Number: 51324-20815-SG

Author: Shahab Soltaninia; Zesan Ardaniel; Cathleen Shargay; Sarah Radovcich

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

There is currently confusion and differing practices being specified by purchasers, Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger (S&T HX) fabricators and/or U-bend suppliers regarding when and how to heat treat tubing U-bends. The need for Heat Treatment (HT) varies based on the material, service, and tightness of the bend (i.e., the degree of strain). The methods used for heat treating are typically furnace or Electric-Resistance (ER). This paper first summarizes the international codes and standards requirements for S&T HX U-bend heat treatment. Next it provides the highlight of some industry studies and compiles case histories of U-bend failures from literature and conference minutes. The overall goal for this paper is to propose possible initial changes to the relevant standards with future changes being added after the additional testing.

High Temperature Corrosion And Stress Corrosion Investigations Of SS316 In Molten Nitrate Salt

Product Number: ED22-17168-SG

Author: Camilla A. Stitt, Andrew Brittan, George A. Young, Anne Demma, and Micah J. Hackett, Andrew Dong and Peter Hosemann

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Solar Salt has many desirable properties as an intermediate heat transfer fluid including low corrosion rates (<10 μm/yr) at temperatures (T) <600°C, high oxidizing power for capturing tritium, low melting point, and relatively low cost. However, higher temperatures (T > 600°C) and other factors e.g., high flow rates, can significantly increase corrosion rates.

Products tagged with 'stress corrosion cracking'

Association for Materials Protection and Performance