AMPP Store - Products tagged with 'stress corrosion cracking'

Available for download

How Many Excavations are Required to Confirm the Absence of SCC on a Pipeline Following SCCDA

Product Number: 51317--9346-SG

ISBN: 9346 2017 CP

Author: Francois Ayello

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This paper examines the relationship between stress corrosion cracking (SCC) threat modeling and the number of digs required to conclude that a pipeline is SCC free. Results show that when a reliable inspection prioritization model is used, few digs are required to infer that a pipe has a low probability of SCC.

Available for download

Hydrostatic Testing for Pipelines with SCC Threats

Product Number: 51324-20374-SG

Author: Joe Pikas

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Hydrostatic testing or pressure testing has been an accepted industry method for the verification of the integrity of pipelines. Integrity assessment methods can be used for either Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP) or other threats such as stress corrosion cracking (SCC). However, this paper will focus on pipelines that have been in-service for a long period of time concerning time dependent threats such as SCC and static type threats. In addition, integrity intervals will be discussed, calculating the length of sections needed, predicted failure pressure with metal loss as determined by ASME B31.G, RSTRENG and reassessment intervals

Available for download

Improvements in Direct Assessment with the Non-Contact Magnetic Gradient Tomography Method (MTM-G)

Product Number: 51324-20874-SG

Author: D. Nnamdi; Chukwuma C. Onuoha

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Due to the serious consequences of external corrosion and leaks in underground pipelines, external corrosion direct assessment, as described in AMPP SP0502, was developed to proactively prevent external corrosion and ensure the integrity of oil and gas pipelines that are difficult to pig. This standard requires a minimum of two indirect inspections to confirm the most susceptible locations on a pipeline for external corrosion to occur. Cathodic protection, coating and soil resistivity are collected during the indirect inspection process to help classify and prioritize anomalies for direct examination. This is also applicable during stress corrosion cracking direct assessment, where indirect inspection data are supplemented with other data to help pinpoint susceptible locations. All these techniques are not capable of identifying external metal loss or external stress corrosion cracks from aboveground; the pipeline must be exposed for the defects to be evaluated. The invention of the non-contact magnetic gradient tomography method has elevated DA protocols. This technology can use magnetic field strength from aboveground to identify external metal loss, cracks, dents, etc. This paper presents process improvements and real-life case studies demonstrating the benefits of this technology on non-piggable pipelines.

Available for download

Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Hydrotreatment Reactor Effluent Line Nozzles in Biorefineries

Product Number: 51324-20725-SG

Author: Fiona Ruel; Mathieu Perrin; Michael Echard; Thierry Cholley; Lionel Renaud

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

With the growing demand for second-generation biofuels, biorefineries are increasingly exposed to the risk of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) deposition. While deposition temperatures have been considered to mitigate this risk, unexpected shutdowns in biorefineries continue to occur due to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of the nozzles in the hydrotreatment reactor effluent line. This paper presents an investigation aimed at identifying the causes of SCC and proposes a review of the potential and severity of NH4Cl corrosion in relation to water availability. Understanding the underlying factors contributing to SCC and NH4Cl corrosion can aid in developing effective mitigation strategies and maintaining the integrity of biorefinery equipment.

Available for download

Learning from Failure: The Key to Advancements in Metallurgy and Corrosion

Product Number: 51324-21152-SG

Author: Anil Kumar Chikkam; Aaron Ulmer; Edward Larkin; Mehrooz Zamanzadeh

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

In the field of metallurgy and corrosion, it is of paramount importance to acknowledge that no failure should ever be underestimated or dismissed as trivial. Each failure carries its own unique narrative and offers invaluable insights into the underlying causes and potential risks. This paper emphasizes the utmost significance of understanding and analyzing metallurgical failures, irrespective of their perceived severity. By meticulously examining every failure as an individual case, substantial lessons can be derived, leading to advancements in designs, materials, and manufacturing processes. Through meticulous investigations and the application of failure analysis techniques, the intricate stories concealed within each failure can be unraveled. These comprehensive analyses provide crucial information for identifying root causes and establishing preventive measures. The paper presents compelling case studies that exemplify the consequences arising from insufficient knowledge on material selection, neglecting stress raisers, mishandling of materials, and the absence of robust inspection plans. These failures range from production losses to fatal incidents, underscoring the criticality of learning from past experiences and implementing proactive measures to avert such occurrences.

Available for download

Material Selection for CCUS Injection Well: A Case Study in North Sea

Product Number: 51324-21062-SG

Author: Luciana Lima; Cecile Millet; Diana Rodrigues Barrera; Guillaume Néel; Robert Conder

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) are technologies aimed at capturing CO2 and preventing its subsequent emission. Though CO2 transport and injection for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has been a common practice for the Oil and Gas industry for over 40 years, new challenges arise when the CO2 source is anthropogenic. Industrial CO2 stream composition will carry impurities such as NO2 (nitrogen oxides), SO2 (sulfur oxides), O2 (oxygen), H2S (hydrogen sulfide) that could affect material corrosion behavior. A complete testing program was undertaken to assess the main corrosion risks associated to the application: Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC), Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC), crevice and mass loss resistance. The results confirm the effects of impurities such as SO2, NO2 and oxygen on corrosion behavior. Carbon low alloyed steel (N80Q) material presented a higher corrosion rate, and it is not suitable for injection tubing but may be acceptable for casing materials when not permanently exposed to the CO2 stream. UNS S41426 (S13Cr) material needs special considerations for CCS application due the presence of some localized corrosion when exposed to a high saline water phase. UNS S31803 (22Cr) could be suitable for a less severe environment including additional testing, whilst UNS S32760 (25CrS) presented good corrosion behavior and is suitable for the application.

Available for download

Mitigation of Caustic Corrosion: Alloy and Process Considerations for High Velocity Thermal Spray Cladding

Product Number: MPWT19-14436

Author: Matthew Robert MacWatters and Iain Stuart Hall

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

The use of High-Velocity Thermal Spray (HVTS) technology has been well adopted for sour conditions; particularly where low, or locally low, pH conditions result in corrosion and shell thinning. High alloy systems resistant to low pH or acidic conditions are effective at providing a metallurgical barrier, protecting the underlying substrate from material loss. Moreover, HVTS processes have also been employed for mitigating environmentally induced cracking (EIC) in sour service. This paper discusses the suitability and performance of modified HVTS alloys for service where high pH general corrosion or caustic cracking (CSCC) may occur. Extensive testing has been undertaken in both ambient and high pressure and temperature autoclave conditions to better understand material performance in caustic environments. While Nickel Alloy 200 and Monel 400 may be deemed appropriate based on traditional material selections, thermal spray process considerations in the material deposition and the impact of ancillary elements in the process stream, such as halides, render these alloys unsuitable. More complex Nickel alloy cladding systems are evaluated in this study with suitable material recommendations for remediation without the deleterious heat impact of welding or to protect surfaces where heat affected zones have been created and post weld heat treatment is problematic.

Available for download

Modeling Stress Corrosion Cracking With Explicit 3D Grain Microstructure

Product Number: ED22-17160-SG

Author: Benjamin S Anglin, Thomas W Web

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Type 304 stainless steel (304 SS) in elevated temperature (288 °C) high purity water is typically an intergranular (IG) process with cracks propagating along grain boundaries, which are mesoscopic entities relevant on the grain scale. It follows then that the nature of the grain boundaries plays a significant role in SCC. In fact, for IG SCC to occur three things must be present: 1) stress; 2) a corrosive environment; and 3) susceptible grain boundaries. SCC growth rate (SCCGR) equations for 304SS in high temperature, high purity water, test orientation, temperature, material composition, and sensitization.

Available for download

Modelling Of IGSCC With Adaptive Framework

Product Number: ED22-17225-SG

Author: Michal Sedlak Mosesson, Pål Efsing

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking (IG-SCC) plays an important role as one of the most recognized degradation phenomena in Nuclear Power Plants (NPP). SCC is both multi-disciplinary with many parameters that are dependent on each other. This study was based on developing a multi-physics finite element model for IG-SCC prediction in unirradiated structural materials for non-pressure vessel components in NPPs. The environment considered was boiling water reactor (BWR) with normal water chemistry (NWC), containing approx. 200ppb oxidant (O2 + H2O2) and varying aggressive ions Cl-. The model was focused on the slip-oxidation model, where a crack is advancing by anodic dissolution, passivation, and oxide rupture at the crack tip. The rupture of the oxide film is due to the constant stresses applied creating slips in the bulk material which fractures the oxide.

Available for download

NACE Publication 21429-2018-SG - State of the Art Report on Corrosion-Resistant Reinforcement

Product Number: 21429-SG

Publication Date: 2018

$109.00

New for 2018! This NACE International state-of-the-art report contains information about materials that provide a corrosion-resistant alternative to plain carbon steel reinforcing bar (rebar). The report is intended for use by engineers when considering the use of alternative concrete reinforcement and post- or prestressing strand materials with higher corrosion resistance than that of conventional carbon steel alloys.

Available for download

NACE SP0403-2023, Avoiding Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking of Refinery Equipment and Piping

Product Number: NACE SP0403-2023

Publication Date: 2023

$109.00

This standard practice is intended to provide guidance to those designing, fabricating, and/or maintaining refinery equipment and piping that are exposed to caustic environments.

Caustic is used in many petroleum refinery applications in a wide range of concentrations and temperatures. Caustic stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of carbon steel (CS) equipment has been reported in industry since the 1930s, e.g., in riveted steam boilers. NACE has published guidance for handling sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the form of a “Caustic Service Chart” since at least the mid-1960s.

Available for download

New Axially Loaded Full Ring Test Method for Assessment of Susceptibility of Girth Welds and Parent Pipe to Sour Service Cracking

Product Number: 51317--8965-SG

ISBN: 8965 2017 CP

Author: Philip Dent

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

New axially loaded full ring test method which was developed and demonstrated to combine the benefits of retaining a full as-welded pipe pup-piece, permitting single-sided exposure, with the advantage of tensile loading of the complete tubular specimen.

Products tagged with 'stress corrosion cracking'

Association for Materials Protection and Performance