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Erosion, a mechanical process during which material is removed from the pipelines and other flow-containing equipment, can occur when solid particles such as sand are carried by the flow. Erosion is more critical when there is a change in the flow direction, such as particle-laden flows in elbows and tees.
While experimentation is a possible approach to obtain erosion rates, the conditions under which tests could be performed are limited in some respects.
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In the construction of a 400 km gas pipeline system, thirty (30) pipe strings (approximately 26 km) were exposed to atmospheric conditions and rain flooded for 1-2 years. The pipe is 56”, uncoated carbon steel. Prior to their application in gas pipeline construction, the inspection detected uniform internal corrosion in some strings, but no signs of pitting corrosion were observed.
The Hanford site contains approximately 55 million gallons (2.08 x 108 liters) of radioactive and chemically hazardous wastes arising from weapons production, beginning with World War II and continuing through he Cold War era. The wastes are stored in 177 carbon steel underground storage tanks, of which 149 are single-shell tanks (SSTs) and the remaining are double-shell tanks (DSTs). Historically, tank failures have been associated with the SSTs
Friction welding process has been used widely in the manufacturing world. It is an adjustable andtolerant process that is capable of joining most engineering materials. It has been used in manyapplication such as aerospace manufacturing industries. The main purpose that is hoped to achieve inthis project is to study the possibility of performing friction welding in a typical lathe machine instead ofCNC or conventional friction welding machine. Also, to check whether the two materials being joined bylathe machine have a reliable bonding. Different parameters have been considered such as pressureand RPM in order to achieve the best welding joint. We also studied the material properties of thewelded joint to insure that this bond can be as good as the joint done by a friction welding machine. Thematerials that we used on welding are (Steel 070M30 and Aluminum 2011-T3). Certain modificationswere done on lathe machine in order make it suitable for the needed task.
Naphthenic acids and sulfur species in crude oil cause severe corrosion of the steel equipment of crude distillation units in oil refineries.1–3 Because of rapidly changing oil economics, the refineries have inclined towards cheaper “opportunity crudes”, but the high levels of corrosive species, mainly naphthenic acids and organosulfur compounds, in these crudes would reduce the life of the equipment, and also increase the risk of catastrophic failure.3 So the opportunity crudes are often blended with the crudes containing lower levels of corrosive species; this decreases overall concentration of corrosive species and the corrosion rates.4,5 However, corrosion rates are not simply proportional to the concentrations of naphthenic acids and sulfur species that are present in the crude oil.4,5 Without accurate estimation of corrosion rates by crude oils or their “blends”, carbon steel equipment needs to be constructed with higher wall thickness for safety; if still insufficient, high alloy steels are required.
The use of volatile corrosion inhibitor packaging continues to be a mainstay in protecting metal parts in shipping and storage. Initial protective packaging applications of VCIs involved coated paper1-4 which was used to wrap or interleave metal parts for transportation and/or storage. This type of wrapping evolved into film packaging where the inhibitors were extruded into film.
The formation of common inorganic scales (such as BaSO4, SrSO4, CaSO4 and CaCO3) in production tubing presents a significant problem in the oil and gas industry. The mixing of incompatible waters or changes in temperature, pressure, pH or hydrodynamics of a fluid may result in scale deposition, with the potential to cause constrictions in production tubing when allowed to build up. This can lead to costly interventions that result in delayed production and loss of revenue. Therefore, an effective scale mitigation strategy is a crucial part of field development and management.
Medium voltage (MV) cables, which typically operate in the range of 2 kV to 35 kV, are commonly used in nuclear power plants (NPPs) throughout the world. These cables support the safety and wellbeing of NPPs by providing supplementary power for safety systems to continue operating during emergency events such as natural disasters or human-induced outages. This allows for uninterrupted reactor operations for a short period of time until the primary safety systems can be brought back online. Given their critical importance to the operation of NPPs, MV cables are often installed in locations such as underground concrete ducts or electrical conduits that limit cable exposure to environmental stressors such as moisture and temperature. Despite the fact that these cables are not operating continuously given the overall rarity of NPP emergency events, they must still satisfy reliability and lifetime performance requirements of cables used in primary NPP operations.
As using underground infrastructures, such as heat transport facilities continues for a long time, damage cases due to corrosion continue to occur. Therefore, it is essential to understand the corrosion behavior of underground metal facilities in terms of safety and economy. Many studies have been conducted on the corrosion of pipeline steels in soil.
Over the past two decades, bio-based fuel-grade ethanols (BFGEs), derived from a variety of agriculture feedstocks (e.g., corn, sugar cane, soybean oil, and sugar beet), are increasingly being used as a renewable energy source to reduce the dependence of fossil fuels for motor vehicle applications. One cost-effective and environmentally benign way to transport BFGEs is through steel transmission pipelines. However, cases of environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) in the transportation of BFGEs have been documented including some in pipelines.