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The natural world provides us with references that can help create a more beautiful, inspired architectural experience. Color happens for a reason in nature and should be transferred to our buildings to reflect that dynamic. For all the color in the world there is an equal number of reasons why to use it. Johannes Itten said “Color is life, for a world without color appears to us as dead.”
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As onshore pipeline rights-of-way become more congested and urban sprawl increases, the number of horizontal directional drills (HDDs) will likely increase. HDD is a trenchless pipeline installation method that requires drilling a larger pilot hole where the mainline pipe can be subsequently pulled through the drilled hole. However, HDDs have an increased probability for coating damage, even when coated with traditional mill or field applied abrasion resistant overcoat (ARO).
The use of climate control is commonly perceived as an additional cost and the energy consumed is often substantial. A closer look at the real impact can uncover economic and environmental benefits that may offset and even exceed the initial costs. These benefits include life cycle costs of the coating system, efficiencies in the project sequencing and minimizing coating and solvent waste
In recent years and months some countries started to label nuclear energy as clean energy because it does not increase the carbon footprint in the planet. Figure 1 shows that nuclear energy is the largest contribution of clean (or green) energy in the USA. This clean energy comes from the commercial operation of boiling water reactors (BWR) and pressurized water reactors (PWR). The total number of nuclear power reactors in the USA is slowly decreasing in time because they became non-economical to operate compared to the burning of natural gas. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) reported that in 2013 there were 102 light water reactors (LWR) producing electricity in the USA, but in 2020 the total LWR number decreased to 94 due to the decommissioning of eight reactors.
The purpose of the discussion is to illustrate the success of non-skid replacement on flight decks of naval vessels utilizing mobile and static environmental enclosures. The product is unique, in these projects, however has many crossover applications in the coatings and alternate markets. Most of the information we will be talking about does not bring earth shattering news to those of you who perform the work, rather information that there is a solution to the problem.
Atmospheric corrosion proceeds via several processes that proceed in sequence and/or parallelacross multiple classes of matter (the atmosphere, condensed aqueous solution, polymer coatings, oxidescales, precipitated salts, and microstructurally heterogeneous metal alloys). Multiple physical andchemical phenomena contribute to the process of corrosion, including mass-transport, electrochemicaleffects, metal dissolution, grain-boundary transport, etc. For this reason, it is difficult to directly predict,using fundamental physics or chemical principles, the corrosion rate of a metal in its environment.
Aerospace assets are subjected to routine maintenance cycles to prevent, monitor, and repair corrosion damage. Currently, the maintenance cycles are determined according to its model and following its respective requirements document (eg: NA(1) 01-1A-5091 or USAF(2) Technical Order 1-1-691).2 A new paradigm of condition-based maintenance (CBM) is highly desired, as a given asset will require different prevention, monitoring, and repair maintenance cycles depending on where it is deployed. As corrosion is the degradation of a material in response to its environment, CBM takes into consideration the variability of the environment (the conditions to which an asset is exposed) when determining appropriate maintenance intervals and what should be done at each interval.
Environmentally assisted cracking of high strength PH nickel alloys 725 945X and 955 were evaluated under subsea HPHT environments. The two primary environments of interest in this effort were in 3.5wt% NaCl pH = 8.2 under cathodic polarization at low temperature 40F and in sour service environments at elevated temperature and pressure (350F/400F and 125psia CO2/0.08psia H2S). Fatigue crack growth rate and static crack growth rate measurements were performed in both the environments. The alloys exhibited excellent resistance to fatigue and stress corrosion cracking but did not exhibit a strong frequency dependence. There was no evidence of stable static crack growth even at very high values of stress intensity factor (90ksiÖin).However tests performed under cathodic polarization revealed that the fatigue crack growth rate exhibits a strong dependence on frequency for various DK values. In all cases stable static crack growth rate (CGR) was observed for all the alloys tested. In case of 725 CGR values on the order of 10-6mm/s were obtained at K values as low as 50ksiÖin whereas for 945X required a stress intensity factor of about 80 ksiÖin to obtain similar CGR’s suggesting that the 945X was more resistant to cracking under hydrogen embrittlement conditions than 725.
Precipitation hardened (PH) Ni-based alloys have been utilized in oil and gas industry for decades. Among them, UNS1 N07718 because of its performance in sour wellbore fluids and in hydrogen charging environments has received the most attention for multiple upstream applications such as tubing hangers, production stab, multi-phase flow meter bodies, valve stems, etc. It has been reported that the alloy performance is generally acceptable for many applications up to 175 °C (350 °F) – 204 °C (400 °F) in the exposed wellbore environments such as sour production fluid, completion brine, and depending on metallurgical processing and microstructure externally exposed to SWCP at the seabed temperature.