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Development Of Technique For In-Situ Measurement Of Oxide Film Thickness In High Pressure And High Temperature Environments

Development of Technique for In-Situ Measurement of Oxide Film Thickness in High Pressure and High Temperature Environments
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High pressure and high temperature processes are present in a wide variety of industries and are often pushing the limits of common materials. As a result, these applications have required advanced materials as well as an improved understanding of the in-situ conditions. Furthermore, those processes have become more and more present in a wide range of industries such as upstream oil and gas (O&G) and power generation (in supercritical CO2 or molten salt nuclear reactors). The corrosion performance of existing and emerging materials to the extreme environments present in next generation power must be well characterized to ensure material integrity and reduce the risk of catastrophic failures due to environmentally assisted cracking, homogeneous corrosion, thermal oxidation, or other mechanisms. 

Product Number: 51322-18211-SG
Author: Florent Bocher, Jeffrey Boehme
Publication Date: 2022
Industries: Coatings and Linings , Coatings
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$20.00
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Few in-situ corrosion monitoring techniques are available to use in high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) environments. This paper presents the outcome of the development of a technique based on optical ellipsometry that may be used to measure oxide film thickness growth in real time to better understand material degradation. Ellipsometry is an optical technique where the light from a laser is reflected off the specimen surface into a sensor to measure the polarization change (phase and amplitude changes). While this technique is used at ambient pressure and temperature, it is rarely used at HPHT. In this study, the laser light was radiated through a HPHT window attached on an autoclave. This technique was used to measure nanometer to micrometer changes in thickness of an oxide film in supercritical CO2. The oxide film thickness measurements were compared to measurements of the thicknesses using scanning electron microscope imaging of the cross section and to data found in the literature. 

Few in-situ corrosion monitoring techniques are available to use in high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) environments. This paper presents the outcome of the development of a technique based on optical ellipsometry that may be used to measure oxide film thickness growth in real time to better understand material degradation. Ellipsometry is an optical technique where the light from a laser is reflected off the specimen surface into a sensor to measure the polarization change (phase and amplitude changes). While this technique is used at ambient pressure and temperature, it is rarely used at HPHT. In this study, the laser light was radiated through a HPHT window attached on an autoclave. This technique was used to measure nanometer to micrometer changes in thickness of an oxide film in supercritical CO2. The oxide film thickness measurements were compared to measurements of the thicknesses using scanning electron microscope imaging of the cross section and to data found in the literature. 

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Product Number: 51322-17610-SG
Author: Ya Liu, Benton Hutchinson, Rose Lehman, Jeffrey Russek, James Outlaw
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F22 is a low alloy steel that typically contains 12% Carbon, 2.25% Chromium, and 1.0% Molybdenum1. This steel has been widely used in oil production systems, especially in well head design and construction. As a low alloy steel, F22 can be corroded by oilfield chemicals under certain circumstances. For example, it was observed in the Gulf of Mexico that typical scale inhibitor chemistries caused severe corrosion on F22.
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Product Number: 51322-17615-SG
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During the last decades, low alloyed steels with improved resistance to Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC) have been developed for covering specific applications as heavy wall casings1 or expandable tubings2 or for reaching higher mechanical properties, such as 125 ksi Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS) materials.3-6 For the latter, relevant sour environments for developed grades are mild, meaning that all sour applications cannot be covered while a strong interest exists for O&G operators to use high strength materials when designing wells. Consequently, there is an incentive to push the limits of use of high strength sour service steels by enhancing their resistance to SSC. Several recommendations were already published when designing high strength sour service grades: hardness level shall be limited as much as possible and be preferentially below 22 HRC7, microstructure shall present a minimum required amount of martensite8 which is well known to be ideal for combining high mechanical properties and high resistance to hydrogen. Besides, many authors highlighted some other influencing parameters related to the material or the process.
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Mineral scales frequently occur in tanks, pipelines, cooling and heating system, production wells of
oil and gas, external and internal membrane, and other equipment during industrial processes,
causing the reduction of process efficacy and millions of dollars on dealing with the scale issues. As
oil and gas are produced increasingly in more unconventional reservoirs, such as deeper and tighter
zones, with new technologies, more challenges are encountered to mitigate scale problems.
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