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Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is a promising thermochemical conversion technology in which supercritical water is used as the medium to convert different types of wet biomass (such as wastewater sludge, food waste or microalgae) and even crude bio-oils into hydrogenrich syngas without the need of costive pre-drying process.1 During typical SCWG conversion at temperature and pressure above the critical point of water (i.e., 374℃ and 22.1 MPa), alkali metal/metal oxide catalysts, carbon-based catalysts and Ni- or Fe-based catalysts are introduced to significantly improve the conversion efficiency on H2 production.2
Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is a thermochemical conversion technology developed to transform various feedstocks, such as raw forest biomass materials, crude bio-oils and biowastes, into syngas (a combination of CO and H2) for clean energy production. Despite the intensive research efforts that have been applied on the development of SCWG technology, the optimal SCWG operating parameters (temperature, pressure, and biomass/water ratio, etc.) are not well defined because of the complexity of feedstock types and conversion reactor configurations (batch or continuous mode). Moreover, little information is available to determine which alloys are suitable for the reactor construction in a long-term safe and cost-effective manner.
In 1950s, as an important measure to improve the corrosion resistance of base metal, internal coating pipes was first applied to sour crude oil and natural gas pipelines [1]. Among the coating systems, FBE coating has good impact resistance, bending resistance, high bonding strength, good resistance for acid, alkali, salt, oil and water fluid. The coating can reduce the internal surface roughness friction resistance of piping & pipeline to reduce project investment.
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At present, there were ten common crossing modes in long-distance oil and gas pipelines[1,2]. There were six ways of tunneling, such as large excavation, horizontal directional drilling, shield tunnel, drilling and blasting tunnel, ramming pipe and pipe jacking. There were four ways of spanning methods, such as truss crossing, arch bridge crossing, suspension cable crossing and cable-stayed bridge crossing. Crossing by shield tunneling, as a pipeline laying method with high mechanization and automation, extensive applicable strata and high safety, has been widely used in recent years.
Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is one of the key technologies to achieve the net-zero emission. One of the CCUS method is CO2 injection to depleted oil and gas wells or aquifers and storage (CCS). The CO2 emitted from fossil fuel-based powers and industrial plants are captured and transported to the injection point by ships or pipe line. Following that, the dense phase or supercritical phase CO2 will be injected to depleted oil and gas wells or aquifers through oil country tubular goods, for examples, seamless pipe.