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The literature has been reviewed with respect to information gained in the recent 20 years on CO2 corrosion of materials used in the oil and gas industry. The paper discusses the effect of materials related, medium-related and interface-related parameters on general (uniform) and localized corrosion. Part II
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Sour corrosion phenomena observed in laboratory testing as it related to the microstructural features of UNSC72900. This was investigated through a parametric study of varying temperature and levels of H2S and chloride.
M. B. Kermani pointed out that 25% of equipment failures in the oil and gas industry are caused by corrosion, and more than half of corrosion events are related to produced fluids containing CO2 and H2S. In recent years, the exploitation of sour oil and gas fields (containing H2S or H2S/CO2 mixture) has become more and more common, and prominent problems such as tubing ruptures caused by pitting and uniform corrosion have appeared. In oil fields containing CO2 and H2S, local corrosion is a key factor restricting the selection of tubing and casing materials. In an oilfield containing CO2 and H2S in the Middle East, the authors corroded coupons on site, and carried out indoor simulation experiments for the problems found in the field test. The authors systematically studied 13Cr, S13Cr, 22Cr, 25Cr and 2550 in the presence of H2S, CO2 and high mineralization.
Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is a promising thermochemical conversion technology in which supercritical water is used as the medium to convert different types of wet biomass (such as wastewater sludge, food waste or microalgae) and even crude bio-oils into hydrogenrich syngas without the need of costive pre-drying process.1 During typical SCWG conversion at temperature and pressure above the critical point of water (i.e., 374℃ and 22.1 MPa), alkali metal/metal oxide catalysts, carbon-based catalysts and Ni- or Fe-based catalysts are introduced to significantly improve the conversion efficiency on H2 production.2
Alloy 35Mo is a new versatile Ni-alloy which has corrosion and mechanical properties comparable to advanced Ni-base alloys, with the benefit that it can be processed like a stainless steel. The alloy was recently designated UNS N08935 with the composition 35Ni-30Fe-27Cr-6.5Mo-0.28N and has a PREN of 52. This paper presents the mechanical and physical properties of the material and results from corrosion testing. Corrosion results from general corrosion testing in acid environments, together with results from stress corrosion cracking testing in chloride environments and pitting corrosion testing show that UNS N08935 can be used in harsh environments in many applications, e.g. heat exchangers in refinery industry and equipment with seawater cooling. UNS N08935 also has high mechanical strength, and good weldability has been shown using Alloy 59 as filler metal.
The chemical and radioactive waste at the Hanford Site is currently stored in 131 single-shell tanks and 27 double-shell tanks (DSTs). The DSTs were built between 1968 and 1986, and each has a capacity of about 1 million gallons. Figure 1 is one typical design of the DSTs. Double shell means that each tank consists of a primary tank within a secondary tank. The primary and secondary tanks are also known as liners, and both are made from carbon steel.
An operating company was concerned that its biocide and corrosion mitigation strategy was not sufficient to control corrosion in their pigging operations across the Gulf Coast of Texas. They provided water samples from several pigging access points that were heavily contaminated with SRBs, APBs, black deposits and oil. H2S was present in most of the samples suggesting a heavy presence of SRBs. They suspected that the black deposits were most likely FeS caused by the presence of microorganisms interacting with their pipelines. Indeed, culture vial tests (sometimes referred to as “bug bottles”) proved that the samples were heavily contaminated with microorganisms.
The classic AMPP reference book Forms of Corrosion: Recognition & Prevention presents a crash course of the eight major forms of corrosion. Each chapter provides an introduction lesson that then leads to an abundance of Case Histories that present both problems and solutions for each form of corrosion.
While the editors show that all eight forms of corrosion overlap to some extent, the focus of Chapter 1, "General Corrosion of Metals," is clear by its title.
This chapter alone has 58 Case Histories related to the corrosion of metals and details the environment, conditions, and solution suggestions to help any student or technician reference thier real-life situation with documented solutions.
2019 AMPP, black & white, 67 pages, pdf