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Corrosion is a surface phenomenon, which is defined as the deterioration of a material due to chemical and/ or electrochemical reactions. The continued interest in understanding corrosion phenomena and devising mitigation methods stems from the potential influence corrosion has on infrastructural damage across diverse industries. The most prevalent forms of corrosion encountered in the oil and gas industry are referred to as sweet and sour, corresponding to aqueous CO2 and H2S environments, respectively. The presence of an aqueous phase in these environments leads to the formation of a weak acid which is understood to be detrimental to the service life of carbon steel pipelines, when not properly mitigated.
The presence of organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid and propionic acid in oil field brines has been identified as a significant contributor to corrosion of mild steel. Extensive research indicates that corrosion rates of steel are significantly higher in weak acid environments, such as aqueous CO2 or acetic acid, as opposed to fully dissociated aqueous strong acids at the same pH. A general observation is that the increase in corrosion rate is due to increase in cathodic current, which is due to the partial dissociation of the weak acid. Most corrosion research with respect to aqueous organic acid environments has focused on acetic acid as it is a prevalent organic acid found in oil fields; it is also a good representative for higher molecular weight carboxylic acids with similar acid dissociation constants (Ka) values that may be present, e.g., propionic acid.
In 1950s, as an important measure to improve the corrosion resistance of base metal, internal coating pipes was first applied to sour crude oil and natural gas pipelines [1]. Among the coating systems, FBE coating has good impact resistance, bending resistance, high bonding strength, good resistance for acid, alkali, salt, oil and water fluid. The coating can reduce the internal surface roughness friction resistance of piping & pipeline to reduce project investment.
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The exploration and development of oil and gas resources towards the direction of ultra-deep, low permeability, and unconventional in China. In addition, some oil and gas fields have developed into the middle or late stage, the application of various EOR technologies, such as acid fracturing, CO2 flooding, air foam flooding and polymer flooding, resulting in the service environment of oil and gas gathering pipelines becoming more and more complex and harsh, such as high temperature, high pressure, high H2S/CO2, Cl- and bacteria, corrosion failures became one of the biggest challenges of oil and gas gathering pipelines.
Injection of hydrocarbon gas is a common practice to enhance production rates from multiphase wells in the Oil and Gas industry. The gas used is normally dehydrated by a combination of compression and chemical treatments to reach a given dew point specification. The dry non-corrosive gas is injected to the production annulus and enters the production bore via a gas lift valve (GLV) located on the production tubing above the production packer.