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Environmentally Assisted Cracking (EAC) of gas transmission lines constitute about 2.6% of the total number of significant incidents recorded in the U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration (PHMSA) database [1]. For the hydrocarbon liquid pipelines, the EAC-related incidents constitute about 1%. Although Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) incidents are a relatively small percentage of significant incidents, it is important to predict the location and rate of growth of SCC because of the potential for catastrophic consequences from the growth of undetected cracks.
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) continues to be a safety concern, mainly because it may remainundetected before a major pipeline failure occurs. SCC processes involve complex interactions between metallurgy, stresses, and the electrolyte chemistry beneath the disbonded coating. For these reasons, assessing SCC failure probability at any given location on a pipeline is difficult. In addition, data uncertainties make the prediction of SCC even more challenging. The complex interactions of various seemingly unrelated parameters and varying mechanisms has been addressed using Bayesian network models. Two Bayesian network models have been created to predict both high pH and near neutral pH crack growth rates. This publication presents a new SCC model that combine the previous high pH and near-neutral pH SCC models.
Geothermal Energy is currently engineered as an “always on” baseload supply, due to the limited flexibility to throttle the well without scaling and fatigue issues, and it is engineered for maximal efficiency at this output level. Scaling is a major problem in geothermal plants, particularly in cases where the geothermal fluid composition and plant operation make it difficult to control scaling. In such areas, particularly where scale inhibitors cannot be employed, the formation of scales can make the process less efficient and in extreme cases can lead to unexpected shutdown.
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UNS N08935 is a new versatile super austenitic alloy with extreme pitting resistance as indicated by its pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN) of 52. It can be used in a broader temperature range than superduplex and hyperduplex stainless steels, offers good weldability and is more cost-effective than Nickel-based materials which make the grade a good candidate for O&G applications, refineries, and chemical industries.1,2
Although the form and function of a well-designed building are important, it is the long-term performance and durability of a building and its components that will be important to the owner(s) and occupants. Therefore, during the design of buildings, the selection of the appropriate materials and understanding the long-term performance of the specified materials exposed to various site-specific environmental conditions is critical in avoiding the potential “failure by design”. The case study presented will focus on the coating failure by design, that could have been avoided by the original design and construction team and resulted in costly litigation and eventually the complete removal of a key architectural element on two high-rise condominium buildings located along the Florida coastline