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Coatings To Regulate Scaling In Geothermal Applications

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Geothermal Energy is currently engineered as an “always on” baseload supply, due to the limited flexibility to throttle the well without scaling and fatigue issues, and it is engineered for maximal efficiency at this output level. Scaling is a major problem in geothermal plants, particularly in cases where the geothermal fluid composition and plant operation make it difficult to control scaling. In such areas, particularly where scale inhibitors cannot be employed, the formation of scales can make the process less efficient and in extreme cases can lead to unexpected shutdown.

Product Number: 51322-17547-SG
Author: Alexandre Sabard, Shiladitya Paul, Briony Holmes, Namrata Kale, Paolo Taddei Pardelli, Claretta Tempesti, Andrea Mannelli, Ural Halaçoğlu, Hakan Alp Sahiller, Raziye Şengün, Sylvie Rouge, Nadia Caney, Andri Stefansson, Per Kjellgren, , Jan Přikryl, Volkan Ediger, Gokhan Kirkil
Publication Date: 2022
Industries: Corrosion Monitoring and Control , Coatings
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This paper explores the possibility of using thermal spray coatings to engineer the substrate surfaces and modify the scaling behaviour in simulated geothermal environments. The coatings were pre-selected based on the performance data in literature, ease of application, availability and cost. The philosophy was to select coating types that facilitate and/or retard the formation of surface scales, by investigating modifying the coating properties through a matrix of process parameters. Gas pressure was selected as a variable to modify the topography and surface roughness of the deposits. Carbon steel substrates were coated with different coating materials and water contact angle measurements were carried out. These measurements provided an indication of possible wettability of the coatings, and allowed further down-selection in conjunction with optical profilometry. The down-selected coatings were tested in simulated scale-forming conditions for 96 h followed by detailed post-test characterisation (photography, light and electron microscopy.

This paper explores the possibility of using thermal spray coatings to engineer the substrate surfaces and modify the scaling behaviour in simulated geothermal environments. The coatings were pre-selected based on the performance data in literature, ease of application, availability and cost. The philosophy was to select coating types that facilitate and/or retard the formation of surface scales, by investigating modifying the coating properties through a matrix of process parameters. Gas pressure was selected as a variable to modify the topography and surface roughness of the deposits. Carbon steel substrates were coated with different coating materials and water contact angle measurements were carried out. These measurements provided an indication of possible wettability of the coatings, and allowed further down-selection in conjunction with optical profilometry. The down-selected coatings were tested in simulated scale-forming conditions for 96 h followed by detailed post-test characterisation (photography, light and electron microscopy.

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Coating Failure by Design
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Coating Failures By Design

Product Number: 51322-18164-SG
Author: Leonard Phelps, Ralf Leistikow
Publication Date: 2022
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Although the form and function of a well-designed building are important, it is the long-term performance and durability of a building and its components that will be important to the owner(s) and occupants. Therefore, during the design of buildings, the selection of the appropriate materials and understanding the long-term performance of the specified materials exposed to various site-specific environmental conditions is critical in avoiding the potential “failure by design”. The case study presented will focus on the coating failure by design, that could have been avoided by the original design and construction team and resulted in costly litigation and eventually the complete removal of a key architectural element on two high-rise condominium buildings located along the Florida coastline
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Closed Loop Corrosion Control: Case Studies Of A Reliable, Robust, & Sustainable Treatment Program

Product Number: 51322-17723-SG
Author: Michael P. Weberski Jr., Claire Rayner, Dan Meier, Renate Ruitenberg, Bingzhi Chen, Sai Sudhakaran, Steef Vrijhoeven
Publication Date: 2022
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An emerging market driver in industrial water treatment is the move to more sustainable chemistries. Corporate sustainability goals are becoming more common and more stringent. Customers are turning to water treatment companies for innovative solutions that can satisfy their sustainability goals and not sacrifice performance or asset integrity. Indeed, a major trend in evaporative open cooling water treatment is to move away from heavy metals such as zinc and other environmentally questionable materials such as phosphates. Another area of cooling water that is in need of a sustainability refresh is closed cooling loops. The most widespread closed cooling treatment programs are based on combinations of nitrite, molybdate, and borate. All three of these chemicals have regulatory, discharge and/or SH&E concerns.
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Combination Of High Ph SCC And Near Neutral Ph SCC Models Using Bayesian Networks

Product Number: 51322-17851-SG
Author: Francois Ayello, Guanlan Liu, Narasi Sridhar, Ramgopal Thodla
Publication Date: 2022
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Environmentally Assisted Cracking (EAC) of gas transmission lines constitute about 2.6% of the total number of significant incidents recorded in the U.S. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Administration (PHMSA) database [1]. For the hydrocarbon liquid pipelines, the EAC-related incidents constitute about 1%. Although Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) incidents are a relatively small percentage of significant incidents, it is important to predict the location and rate of growth of SCC because of the potential for catastrophic consequences from the growth of undetected cracks.
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