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CO2 Transport and Injection, Effect of Impurities, Understanding of Reactions and Consequences

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The effect of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere on temperature has been known for a long time. Although an increase in CO2 concentration has been observed since the 1960s, a clear change in trend of global temperature increase can be observed from around the 1990s. CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) is a mature technology available to reduce emissions from large scale fossil-based energy and industry sources. Sufficient geological storage is available for these sources. Mitigation of CO2 emissions via CCS has been identified as crucial to limit global warming.3 In recent years a significant increase in CCS projects have been proposed and initiated. 

Product Number: 51323-18756-SG
Author: J. Sonke, Y. Zheng
Publication Date: 2023
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Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) involves capturing, treating, transporting and storage of CO2 to ensure long-term isolation from the atmosphere. In recent years there has been a significant increase in CCS project proposed and initiated. A number of these proposed projects aim to capture CO2 from multiple industrial emitters (sources) to reduce the carbon footprint for these companies.
Depending on the CO2 composition and operating conditions, separate liquid phases may be formed. It has been identified that these phases can comprise of water or reaction products including strong acids and elemental sulphur. Exposure to (impure) CO2 at specific operating conditions can also negatively impact specific material properties causing a change in toughness and cracking resistance. To ensure long term integrity of the facilities, a safe project CO2 specification needs to be identified. Tight control of CO2 stream composition and operating conditions together with the selection of suitable materials are essential to ensure the integrity for all operating scenarios including upsets.
This paper focuses on identification of impurity limits for a CCS project, which is captured in a project CO2 specification. Special attention given to one specific group of impurities that can react with each other and form a strong acids and elemental sulphur, that can cause a separate phase that can drop out of the CO2 stream. Sound understanding of the mechanisms behind these chemical reactions, thermodynamics, the role phase behaviour plays and potential consequences are needed to be able to identify or adjust (relax or tighten) impurity limits for a project CO2 specification. This work aims to improve understanding provide guidance and to reveal knowledge gaps that require addressing in order to identify a safe CO2 specification for a CCS project.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) involves capturing, treating, transporting and storage of CO2 to ensure long-term isolation from the atmosphere. In recent years there has been a significant increase in CCS project proposed and initiated. A number of these proposed projects aim to capture CO2 from multiple industrial emitters (sources) to reduce the carbon footprint for these companies.
Depending on the CO2 composition and operating conditions, separate liquid phases may be formed. It has been identified that these phases can comprise of water or reaction products including strong acids and elemental sulphur. Exposure to (impure) CO2 at specific operating conditions can also negatively impact specific material properties causing a change in toughness and cracking resistance. To ensure long term integrity of the facilities, a safe project CO2 specification needs to be identified. Tight control of CO2 stream composition and operating conditions together with the selection of suitable materials are essential to ensure the integrity for all operating scenarios including upsets.
This paper focuses on identification of impurity limits for a CCS project, which is captured in a project CO2 specification. Special attention given to one specific group of impurities that can react with each other and form a strong acids and elemental sulphur, that can cause a separate phase that can drop out of the CO2 stream. Sound understanding of the mechanisms behind these chemical reactions, thermodynamics, the role phase behaviour plays and potential consequences are needed to be able to identify or adjust (relax or tighten) impurity limits for a project CO2 specification. This work aims to improve understanding provide guidance and to reveal knowledge gaps that require addressing in order to identify a safe CO2 specification for a CCS project.

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Picture for Guidance for Materials Selection and Corrosion Control in CO2 Transport and Injection for Carbon Capture and Storage
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Guidance for Materials Selection and Corrosion Control in CO2 Transport and Injection for Carbon Capture and Storage

Product Number: 51322-17726-SG
Author: J. Sonke, S.J. Paterson
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

The aim of this work is to identify an approach to materials selection and corrosion control that can address the specific requirements of a Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project. This work is largely based on the accumulated knowledge and expertise that has been published. Besides the direct guidance from this document, specific topics may require more detail that can be found in the references.
Picture for Material Selection for anthropogenic CO2 injection: mechanical and corrosion performances of steels under dense CO2 with impurities
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Material Selection for anthropogenic CO2 injection: mechanical and corrosion performances of steels under dense CO2 with impurities

Product Number: 51323-18886-SG
Author: Cécile Millet, Guillaume Néel, Luciana Lima, Diana Rodriguez Barrera
Publication Date: 2023
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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) are technologies aimed at capturing CO2, followed by transportation to a storage site and injection into one of several types of stable geological formations, to trap and prevent its subsequent emission. Though CO2 transport and injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) are known for over 40 years, new challenges arise when the CO2 source is anthropogenic, meaning with a human-cause origin and not natural (as in EOR). EU Directive 2009/31/EC states that CO2 streams from power stations or industrial plants "shall consist overwhelmingly of CO2" but may contain associated incidental substances (e.g., SOx, NOx, O2, H2S).
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Corrosion testing of CRA in simulated CO2 injection well environments

Product Number: 51323-18993-SG
Author: Gaute Svenningsen, Bjørn Helge Morland
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

The number of CCS projects (planned and in operation) is increasing, and project developers need to provide firm evidence that the proposed material is suitable for these applications.
The petroleum industry has long experience with materials selection for wells, but the conditions for CO2 injection wells are somewhat different from “conventional” oil and gas wells. This is due to the high CO2 content and pressure (up to several hundred bar) which results in low pH condensed water (exact value depends on pressure and temperature, but approximately pH 3.0).
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