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CO2 Transport and Injection, Effect of Impurities, Understanding of Reactions and Consequences

Picture for CO2 Transport and Injection, Effect of Impurities, Understanding of Reactions and Consequences
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The effect of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere on temperature has been known for a long time. Although an increase in CO2 concentration has been observed since the 1960s, a clear change in trend of global temperature increase can be observed from around the 1990s. CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) is a mature technology available to reduce emissions from large scale fossil-based energy and industry sources. Sufficient geological storage is available for these sources. Mitigation of CO2 emissions via CCS has been identified as crucial to limit global warming.3 In recent years a significant increase in CCS projects have been proposed and initiated. 

Product Number: 51323-18756-SG
Author: J. Sonke, Y. Zheng
Publication Date: 2023
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Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) involves capturing, treating, transporting and storage of CO2 to ensure long-term isolation from the atmosphere. In recent years there has been a significant increase in CCS project proposed and initiated. A number of these proposed projects aim to capture CO2 from multiple industrial emitters (sources) to reduce the carbon footprint for these companies.
Depending on the CO2 composition and operating conditions, separate liquid phases may be formed. It has been identified that these phases can comprise of water or reaction products including strong acids and elemental sulphur. Exposure to (impure) CO2 at specific operating conditions can also negatively impact specific material properties causing a change in toughness and cracking resistance. To ensure long term integrity of the facilities, a safe project CO2 specification needs to be identified. Tight control of CO2 stream composition and operating conditions together with the selection of suitable materials are essential to ensure the integrity for all operating scenarios including upsets.
This paper focuses on identification of impurity limits for a CCS project, which is captured in a project CO2 specification. Special attention given to one specific group of impurities that can react with each other and form a strong acids and elemental sulphur, that can cause a separate phase that can drop out of the CO2 stream. Sound understanding of the mechanisms behind these chemical reactions, thermodynamics, the role phase behaviour plays and potential consequences are needed to be able to identify or adjust (relax or tighten) impurity limits for a project CO2 specification. This work aims to improve understanding provide guidance and to reveal knowledge gaps that require addressing in order to identify a safe CO2 specification for a CCS project.

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) involves capturing, treating, transporting and storage of CO2 to ensure long-term isolation from the atmosphere. In recent years there has been a significant increase in CCS project proposed and initiated. A number of these proposed projects aim to capture CO2 from multiple industrial emitters (sources) to reduce the carbon footprint for these companies.
Depending on the CO2 composition and operating conditions, separate liquid phases may be formed. It has been identified that these phases can comprise of water or reaction products including strong acids and elemental sulphur. Exposure to (impure) CO2 at specific operating conditions can also negatively impact specific material properties causing a change in toughness and cracking resistance. To ensure long term integrity of the facilities, a safe project CO2 specification needs to be identified. Tight control of CO2 stream composition and operating conditions together with the selection of suitable materials are essential to ensure the integrity for all operating scenarios including upsets.
This paper focuses on identification of impurity limits for a CCS project, which is captured in a project CO2 specification. Special attention given to one specific group of impurities that can react with each other and form a strong acids and elemental sulphur, that can cause a separate phase that can drop out of the CO2 stream. Sound understanding of the mechanisms behind these chemical reactions, thermodynamics, the role phase behaviour plays and potential consequences are needed to be able to identify or adjust (relax or tighten) impurity limits for a project CO2 specification. This work aims to improve understanding provide guidance and to reveal knowledge gaps that require addressing in order to identify a safe CO2 specification for a CCS project.

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Picture for 06112 FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF CO2 METAL LOSS
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06112 FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF CO2 METAL LOSS CORROSION – PART II: INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS ON CO2 CORROSION MECHANISMS

Product Number: 51300-06112-SG
ISBN: 06112 2006 CP
Author: Guenter Schmitt, Michaela Hörstemeier
Publication Date: 2006
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The literature has been reviewed with respect to information gained in the recent 20 years on CO2 corrosion of materials used in the oil and gas industry. The paper discusses the effect of materials related, medium-related and interface-related parameters on general (uniform) and localized corrosion.  Part II
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Factors Influencing Droplet Corrosion in Dense Phase CO2

Product Number: 51319-13017-SG
Author: Ralph Baessler
Publication Date: 2019
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Recent studies have shown that even at a very low concentration of impurities (less than 100 ppmv of SO2 NO2 O2 and H2O) the droplet formation and condensation of sulfuric and nitric acids in dense phase CO2 are possible and observable. To reveal the mechanism of droplet corrosion in dense CO2 at high pressure and low temperature further studies on factors that affect wettability and resulting corrosion behaviors of transport pipeline steels are needed.In this work carbon steels (X52 X70) martensitic steel UNSS41500 and superaustenite UNS08031 were examined not only in static but also dynamic CO2 stream with either oxidizing (SO2 NO2 O2) or reducing (H2S and H2) impurities. Exposure tests with and without CO2 saturated water droplets were performed at both low temperature (278 K) and high temperature (313 K) at high pressure where CO2 is supercritical or in dense phase. To reveal the effects of surface morphology carbon steel coupons with different surface roughness were prepared not only to measure the wettability by contact angle but also to expose to CO2 stream containing oxidizing/reducing impurities to observe the condensation and possible droplet corrosion that followed. Two-week exposed coupons showed no condensation at 313 K 10 MPa and 50 ppmv H2O indicating the important role of temperature on the possibility of condensation regardless the type of impurities and flow rate. At 278 K the result from exposure tests signified the role of oxidizing impurities on the condensation and the droplet corrosion that followed. Although different surface roughness resulted in different wetting behaviors and therefore the measured contact angles it did not significantly influence the corrosion process upon long time exposure. This is attributed to the change of wetting behavior due to corrosion products that covered the carbon steel surface during exposure test.
Picture for Guidance for Materials Selection and Corrosion Control in CO2 Transport and Injection for Carbon Capture and Storage
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Guidance for Materials Selection and Corrosion Control in CO2 Transport and Injection for Carbon Capture and Storage

Product Number: 51322-17726-SG
Author: J. Sonke, S.J. Paterson
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

The aim of this work is to identify an approach to materials selection and corrosion control that can address the specific requirements of a Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project. This work is largely based on the accumulated knowledge and expertise that has been published. Besides the direct guidance from this document, specific topics may require more detail that can be found in the references.
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