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Material Testing and FFS Modelling for HTHA of Less-Common Alloys: C-0.3Mo

Product Number: 51324-21142-SG

Author: Jorge Penso; Nathaniel Sutton; Brandon Rollins

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Tremendous attention has been devoted to understanding the behavior of common engineering alloys in high temperature hydrogen service. Nelson curves from API RP 9411 are available for the alloys most widely used in HTHA service. However, the aging international fleet of equipment in hydrogen service, across the refining, petrochemical and fertilizer industries means that in-service equipment constructed from less-common alloys must sometimes be evaluated for HTHA. The authors are involved with an 10-year joint industry project studying HTHA. One major outcome of this project is a volumetric HTHA damage FFS model which incorporates stresses from methane pressure within the material into an MPC Omega Multiaxial damage formula. A crack growth model using the fracture mechanics parameter C* (commonly used in creep crack growth)12 is also under development. These two are related in that the C* crack growth law parameters can be calculated utilizing the MPC Omega material creep properties. With sufficient creep data for an uncommon alloy like C-0-.3Mo, lot centered MPC Omega creep properties can be regressed. Such data have been compiled by the authors and resulting Omega creep properties are reported. These creep properties, along with other material properties, are used in the HTHA damage progression and the C* crack growth models. Model predictions using this approach are compared to historically available ex-service HTHA data from API RP 9411 for alloys with Mo contents between that of carbon steel and C-0.5Mo. Selective testing (creep and crack growth testing in both air and hydrogen environments) is in-progress to verify the FFS approach.

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Materials and Corrosion Challenges for the Development of Plastics Recycling Processes

Product Number: 51324-20733-SG

Author: François Ropital; Jean Kittel; Wilfried Weiss; Alexandra Chaumonnot; Frederic Favre

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

To support the booming demand of plastics by the industry, and to reduce the environmental footprint, circularity is a collective imperative. Since plastics are divided into a large number of families, there is no universal recycling process. Depending on the type of polymer, recycling processes involve one or several steps such as conversion, depolymerization, dissolution, mechanical treatment, etc Highly corrosive environments can be found, including high temperature and aggressive fluids. Some of the elementary steps of plastics recycling resemble proven processes of the petrochemical or refining industries. The long-lasting experience of these industrial sectors can help for material selection. However, plastics recycling also opens unexplored conditions, e.g. due to the presence of contaminants such as chlorides and bromides. In this paper, we intend to describe several plastics recycling routes and develop on their potential corrosiveness. Guidelines for materials selection will be discussed, and need for further experimental work will be identified.

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Maximizing Materials Utility through a Next Life Optimization Process

Product Number: 51324-20604-SG

Author: William Kovacs; Christopher David Taylor

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The carbon footprint of assets will increasingly be of importance to obtain beneficial, economic, social and environmental outcomes of design and engineering projects. Inclusion of a Next Life strategy at asset or product end-of-life can significantly reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of First Life assets and Next Life reuses compared to the same uses made from virgin material or recycled content. Traditional engineering design and asset management often only plan for initial use and the management or maintenance strategies necessary to extend First Life, where the First Life is the primary engineering role of the asset. Critically missing from this picture are the costs and environmental impacts incurred throughout the asset or product lifecycle, especially associated with the end-of-life of an asset. A Next Life optimization process for these decisions is described herein that can aid in maximizing the overall Materials Sustainability and Materials Utility (i.e., longevity of fruitful usage) embedded in assets. It consists of appraisal, brainstorming, partnering and evaluation of beneficial impact for particular Next Life options allowing the benefits they can provide to First Life and Next Life opportunities. These benefits can include a reduction in carbon footprint over a lifecycle, cost savings related to GHG emissions, cost savings related to reused material/labor for Next Life assets, or other beneficial impact (even if increased financial cost). The process includes a qualitative conceptual assessment that can feed into a more detailed quantitative assessment for optimization of Next Life materials usage.

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MEA Triazine Contactor Optimization to Increase Efficiency and Reduce Fouling Potential

Product Number: 51324-20391-SG

Author: Willem-Louis Marais

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Liquid absorbents have been utilized for decades to remove impurities from produced natural gas. Throughout the last 15 years, monoethanolamine (MEA) triazine has become an industry-recognized name for the removal of sour gas (H2S). MEA triazine has one of the lowest cost profiles in terms of cost per mass of H2S removed and has obtained a commodity status. It is widely used in the oil and gas industry, both on production (upstream, midstream) and processing (downstream). MEA Triazine is typically applied via direct injection into flowlines or applied in contactor vessels (“scrubbers”, “towers”, “bubble columns”). The application type depends on numerous factors but in general, the application via contactor vessel is preferred due to its increased efficiency. However, due to the many different contactor configurations available, a wide range of efficiencies are achieved, ranging from 50 – 70%. MEA Triazine systems are also known to foul with acid-insoluble polymeric solids. This occurs when the MEA Triazine and its reaction products are not managed properly, or the system is not designed for the specific conditions. The spent material, commonly referred to as dithiazine, can form solids (amorphous dithiazine) in the contactor packing, post contactor separator, or in downstream pipelines if carry-over occurs. This paper aims to provide the reader guidance on how to optimize MEA Triazine contactor vessels to achieve maximum efficiency and to reduce or eliminate fouling. Optimization principles discussed will include contactor configurations, contactor modifications, and MEA Triazine properties and its effect on system performance. Increasing system efficiency and eliminating solids formation in these systems will have a direct impact on the user’s operating expense (OPEX). This is due to better scavenger utilization and a reduction in maintenance and downtime due to solids formation. A reduction in scope three emissions will also be achieved.

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Measurement of surface hydrogen concentration of steels in concreate with electrochemical hydrogen permeation method

Product Number: 51323-19016-SG

Author: Ryuta Ishii, Takuya Kamisho, Masayuki Tsuda

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

High-strength steel is one of the basic materials for supporting a well-functioning society. Prestressed concrete (PC) is a typical example of a material in which high-strength steel is used. In PC, tensile stressed steel is embedded inside the concrete, and internal bars apply compressive stress to the concrete for preventing cracks in concrete that is vulnerable to tensile stress. Moreover, corrosion inside the steel is suppressed by the alkaline environment in the concrete, so the concrete and internal bars basically work to compensate for each other's weaknesses.

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Measuring Chemical Composition Of Pipeline Steel Using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Technology

Product Number: 51322-18193-SG

Author: Brian Wilson

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

LIBS is a type of optical emission spectroscopy used to measure elemental concentrations in a material. LIBS operates by using a pulsed, focused laser that is fired at a sample with sufficient pulse energy as to create a plasma around the area struck. Bound atomic electrons are stripped from the atoms comprising the material. As the plasma cools, atoms recombine with electrons and in the process emit light in the UV, optical and IR regimes.

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Measuring IR-Free Potential: Analysis of the Remaining IR Components in the Off Measurements and Importance of the Design of SRE with Integrated Coupon to Obtain it.

Product Number: 51323-18803-SG

Author: Ivano Magnifico

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

As known, ISO 15589-1 and SP0169 protection criteria refers to IR-Free potentials values to be met by applying cathodic protection to limit corrosion rate and, at the same time, to avoid overprotection: in this respect, according to the type of currents influencing the metallic structure, European standard EN 13509 proposes different measurement techniques for measuring IR Free potential.

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Mechanical Properties and Thermal Stability of Metal Dusting Resistant Nickel-Base N06235 Alloy

Product Number: 51324-20910-SG

Author: Ling Chen; Michael G. Fahrmann; Jeremy L. Caron; Vinay Deodeshmukh

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Nickel-base N06235 alloy is a solid-solution strengthened Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu alloy that was developed to resist metal dusting corrosion attack in high temperature structural applications involving carbonaceous and other high temperature corrosive environments, particularly in syngas production and processing environments. Improved metal dusting resistance was achieved by significant additions of copper and high amounts chromium to inhibit carbon deposition, ingress, and coke formation as previously reported. The high temperature creep-rupture and tensile strength of the wrought alloy and its weldments were investigated in this paper. Weld samples produced by Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) and Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), exhibit tensile and creep-rupture strength similar to that of wrought alloy in the temperature range from 538 to 1093oC (1000 to 2000oF). In addition, the retained room and elevated temperature tensile properties of the wrought base metal after 4000-hour long-term aging at temperatures from 649 to 871°C (1200 to 1600oF) are reported.

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Mechanical Tests on a Vintage API 5L Grade X52 Linepipe Steel under Gaseous and Cathodic H2 Environment

Product Number: 51324-20904-SG

Author: M. Palombo; F. Recanzone; D. Morando; I. Milano; F. Catalano

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

In this period of transition, attention to the environment and clean sources of energy are topics that are acquiring increasing interest. With particular reference to the energy industry, hydrogen is becoming the ideal candidate for the replacement of fossil fuels. The distribution of hydrogen is forced to be conducted through the usage of the existing net of pipelines; therefore, using pipes fabricated in different periods (from 1970 up to present). This means, the prediction of the behavior of the pipeline steel under H2 charging (gaseous or cathodic) is not easy and requires a big specific effort to be performed. Therefore, in this work a vintage API 5L grade X52 pipe fabricated in 1970 was characterized both under cathodic and gaseous hydrogen environment; a comparison between mechanical tests with in situ H2 charging was compared with results obtained from KIH test in gaseous hydrogen at 80 bar and a complete picture of the behavior of the material was obtained. Furthermore, the results obtained from slow strain rate tests on notched specimens up to 1500 bar are presented and discussed.

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Mechanical, Microstructural And Corrosion Characterization Of Low Binder Containing WC-Co Grades Using A Binderjet Process

Product Number: 51322-17583-SG

Author: Krutibas Panda, Ed Rusnica, Reece Goldsberry, Jerry Domingue, Paul Prichard, Zhuqing Wang

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Cemented carbides have been widely used to make parts for wear applications due to the excellent combination of hardness and toughness. Cemented carbides represent a group of composite materials containing hard metal carbides, such as tungsten carbide (WC), bonded by ductile metallic binder agents, such as cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), or iron (Fe).¹ By varying WC grain size, weight fraction of metallic binder, and processing parameters, a wider range of microstructure and mechanical properties can be achieved.

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Mechanisms And Polymorphic Transformation Of Calcium Carbonate Inorganic Scale In Oil-Water Emulsion.

Product Number: 51322-17876-SG

Author: Olujide Sanni, Wassim Taleb, Richard Barker, Anne Neville, Ogbemi Bukuaghangin, Thibaut Charpentier, Frederick Pessu

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The formation of mineral scale is an undesirable phenomenon which is as a result of the disturbances in thermodynamics and chemical equilibria of the water system. CaCO₃ scale is one of the major flow challenges in the oil industry and the crystallization process starts from thermodynamically unstable hydrated form to anhydrous polymorphic stable forms^1,2 The transformation involves a series of ordering, dehydration, and crystallization processes, each lowering the enthalpy of the system where the crystallization of the dehydrated amorphous material lowers the enthalpy the most. There are two theories regarding the polymorphic transformation of a solid structure. The first suggests the transformation occurs through a direct solid transition in which the metastable phase exhibits a rearrangement of its molecules or atoms to a more stable form³. The second is valid in the presence of a solvent which allows the dissolution and the re-nucleation and growth of the stable phase⁴.

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Mechanistic Insights into Refinery Sulfidation Corrosion

Product Number: 51323-19107-SG

Author: Ishan Patel, Gheorghe Bota, David Young

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

High temperature sulfidation (or sulfidic) corrosion of steel by sulfur species in crude oil has long been known to damage refinery equipment. Corrosion engineers have been using prediction curves derived from field corrosion data to estimate rates of sulfidation corrosion. However, a significant inaccuracy is often encountered in these estimations because of the extensive diversity in molecular structures of sulfur compounds in crude oils.

AMPP Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance