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Mechanisms And Polymorphic Transformation Of Calcium Carbonate Inorganic Scale In Oil-Water Emulsion.

Mechanisms And Polymorphic Transformation Of Calcium Carbonate Inorganic Scale In Oil-Water Emulsion
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The formation of mineral scale is an undesirable phenomenon which is as a result of the disturbances in thermodynamics and chemical equilibria of the water system. CaCO3 scale is one of the major flow challenges in the oil industry and the crystallization process starts from thermodynamically unstable hydrated form to anhydrous polymorphic stable forms1,2  The transformation involves a series of ordering, dehydration, and crystallization processes, each lowering the enthalpy of the system where the crystallization of the dehydrated amorphous material lowers the enthalpy the most. There are two theories regarding the polymorphic transformation of a solid structure. The first suggests the transformation occurs through a direct solid transition in which the metastable phase exhibits a rearrangement of its molecules or atoms to a more stable form3. The second is valid in the presence of a solvent which allows the dissolution and the re-nucleation and growth of the stable phase4. 

Product Number: 51322-17876-SG
Author: Olujide Sanni, Wassim Taleb, Richard Barker, Anne Neville, Ogbemi Bukuaghangin, Thibaut Charpentier, Frederick Pessu
Publication Date: 2022
Industry: Oil and Gas
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$20.00
$20.00

Studying the kinetics of scale formation on the surface and in the bulk of the fluid when the oil phase is present has not yet received much attention. The impact of adding an oil phase to both surface deposition and bulk precipitation is not clear and needs to be studied. This work studies the mechanisms and behavior of precipitation of calcium carbonate scale in the presence of oil - water emulsion. A total of 100ml of different oil fractions including cyclohexane, kerosene, toluene and asphaltene is introduced to a vessel with 1000ml of brine at temperature, T=30°C. Using the Rotating Cylinder Electrode (RCE) technique, the mixture is continuously stirred with an overhead impeller blade at 520 rpm to create homogeneous dispersion in the two-phase mixture.

Studying the kinetics of scale formation on the surface and in the bulk of the fluid when the oil phase is present has not yet received much attention. The impact of adding an oil phase to both surface deposition and bulk precipitation is not clear and needs to be studied. This work studies the mechanisms and behavior of precipitation of calcium carbonate scale in the presence of oil - water emulsion. A total of 100ml of different oil fractions including cyclohexane, kerosene, toluene and asphaltene is introduced to a vessel with 1000ml of brine at temperature, T=30°C. Using the Rotating Cylinder Electrode (RCE) technique, the mixture is continuously stirred with an overhead impeller blade at 520 rpm to create homogeneous dispersion in the two-phase mixture.

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Microbiological Profiles and Risk Exposures in Topside Production Systems of FPSOs in West Africa
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Microbiological Profile and Risk Exposures in Topside Production Systems of FPSOs in West Africa

Product Number: 51322-18017-SG
Author: Kingsley Oparaodu, Ibiba Braide
Publication Date: 2022
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The incidence and proliferation of microbial population in oil and gas production facilities can have undesirable consequences on upstream, midstream and downstream production systems.  Microbes thrive in the anaerobic conditions encountered in these systems and are supported by nutrients and metabolites found in produced water.  Although the majority of process and water injection systems are susceptible to microbial fouling, the development of microbial activity is exacerbated by specific conditions such as stagnant fluids or the presence of deposits.1 Threats of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) and other challenges associated with microorganisms have become valid as more cases are reported.  While MIC, biofouling (BF), and reservoir souring are three of the most common problems associated with microbes, many other production issues can be attributable to microbial activity including: employee infections, filter plugging, loss of injectivity, and metal sulfide deposits.2
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Material Selection For Storage Tanks – Life Cycle Cost Analyses

Product Number: 51322-17505-SG
Author: Sandra Le Manchet, John Grocki
Publication Date: 2022
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This paper will provide recent corrosion data for stored chemicals. Duplex stainless steel corrosion curves obtained in nitric, sulfuric, phosphoric acids as well as several kinds of waters will be provided. In addition, atmospheric corrosion data obtained after 15+ years of sample exposures in several geographic areas will be shown. These results will be compared to those obtained with other materials commonly used for the construction of storage tanks.
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Long-Term Cost Saving By Using High Alloyed Stainless Steel In Seawater Coolers

Product Number: 51322-17544-SG
Author: Jonas Höwing
Publication Date: 2022
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Copper alloys such as copper nickel (CuNi) and Admiralty Brass (CuZn) are often successful material selections for seawater coolers. The copper alloys successes in these highly corrosive environments can be attributes to the ability of copper to form a protective scale, thus stopping corrosion of the material. On copper alloys in seawater, the protective scale formed comprises a mix of cuprous oxide (Cu2O), copper oxide (CuO) and copper hydroxy chlorides.
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