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For decades, many asset owner/operators across the O&G value chain (and other critical industry segments) of upstream, midstream, & downstream have struggled to identify the root cause of fluctuating corrosion/erosion rates due to unreliable or infrequent data during various operating intervals on their most valuable of assets. This key missing data point has forced mechanical integrity teams, corrosion engineers, inspectors, and operations to, in many cases, make the best guess or hypothesize how to operate with a limited data set of information. In almost all cases, a time-based inspection or maintenance interval is used to gauge the useful lifetime of assets based on this limited data simply because these assets couldn’t give their owners a real-time health diagnostic of how they were doing … until now.
Nothing like a crisis to force people think and act differently. The concept for deployment of installed ultrasonic sensors to either replace or augment manual inspections to improve operational efficiencies and outcomes is by no means a newfangled idea. As with all technology, components get smaller and sensors become more deployable and affordable. The same with wireless UT sensors. Over the last decade the O&G industry has been marked by falling oil prices, reductions in new builds/expansions, declines in CAPEX budgets, and corporate reorganization in efforts to cut costs. Then COVID19 arrived, and the world changed in a matter of weeks. Instead of trying to cut costs, many refining and chemical plants shifted their thinking to working smart versus hard. This presentation will detail how wireless UT sensors combined with new ways of thinking has transformed the industry to save millions of dollars in asset integrity and operating efficiencies.
A holiday is defined as a pinhole or discontinuity in a coating lining. These discontinuities are frequently very small and not readily visible and create a pathway for oxygen and an electrolyte to cause deterioration of the underlying substrate. These defects will tend to reduce the life expectancy of a coating in service, particularly if the service is to include immersion, such as the lining of a tank or a pipe.
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In linepipes for transportation of natural gas, suppression of hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) caused by H2S contained in the transportation medium is an important issue. HIC is a phenomenon in which hydrogen atoms generated by a corrosion reaction penetrate steel and are accumulated in the central segregation part and inclusions in the steel, internal pressure is increased by gasification, and finally cracks occur.
Oil and gas operations worldwide are impacted by the presence of microorganisms. A variety of microorganisms can be found in the oilfield, dependent on the type of operation, geology, location, water source and water treatment utilized. Biocides are used in all stages of oil and gas development to control microorganisms and their detrimental impacts on production such as corrosion, biofouling, and souring. A wide number of biocides are used to control microorganisms, ranging from oxidizing biocides that react quickly but leave no residual activity, to preservatives which act slowly, but provide antimicrobial activity for weeks or months at a time. The spectrum of biocides used in oil and gas are covered by several excellent reviews and will not be detailed in this paper.