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Scale is an adherent deposit of inorganic compounds precipitated from water onto surfaces. Most oilfield waters contain certain amounts of dissolved calcium, barium or strontium salts. The mineral scale can be formed by chemical reactions in the formation water itself, by mixing of formation water with injected seawater, or by mixing of the well streams of two incompatible oilfield waters. In carbonate reservoirs, when calcium is deposited as calcium sulfate or calcium carbonate scale, a loss of production and increased maintenance expenses can result. Therefore, effective mitigation of scaling potential is of importance to the oil producers.
The thermal degradation of scale inhibitors poses a challenge for scale control and flow assurance in high temperature reservoirs. Targeting this problem, this study investigated the mitigation of scale potential of the most commonly used phosphonate diethylenetriamine penta (methylphosphonic acid) (DETPMP) before and after thermal aging at high temperature.In this study, the DETPMP stock solution was oxygen removed and kept at 135°C for 7days. The performance of the aged and not aged DETPMP against CaCO3 and CaSO4 formation at high-temperature and high-hardness condition was investigated. The experimental results show the aged DETPMP presented similar inhibition efficiency for CaCO3 but less efficiency for CaSO4 formation prevention compared to the non-aged DETPMP at 105°C in high salinity waters. The chemical characterization of DETPMP using IR and NMR demonstrated that the product had characteristic signals of active materials, resulting from the breakdown of C-N and C-P bond. Compared with the original DETPMP molecules, the formed phosphorus acid compounds with shorter chains and fewer numbers of functional groups in the molecules presented less effectiveness in decreasing CaSO4 crystallization kinetics and lower scale inhibition efficiency. The smaller molecules did not show weaker inhibition of CaCO3 crystallization.
Canada’s existing natural gas pipeline network is being considered to help store and distribute high pressure hydrogen, when blended with natural gas, to support transition to the hydrogen economy. The importance of this topic to Canada is well document in the Federal Government’s call to action “Hydrogen Strategy for Canada”, which includes benefits such as: (i) positioning Canada to become a worlding-leading supplier of hydrogen technologies, (ii) employing hydrogen as a key enabler to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, and (iii) generating more than 350,000 high paying jobs, including unique opportunities for indigenous communities and businesses.
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Corrosion under thermal insulations namely CUI (Corrosion under insulation) is among the key degradations posing integrity risks to the hydrocarbon processing, chemical, and petrochemical facilities. CUI is reportedly known as the reason behind 40-60% of failures in the piping for the oil refineries. Whereas the small-bore piping (i.e., NPS< 4”) is more prone to this damage mechanism where reportedly where up to 81% of failure result from CUI.
A remarkable amount of financial loss is incurred every year because of premature failures of paints and coatings. The budget to repair such failures extremely outweighs the initial cost of coatings, since excessive engineering may be looked-for to access the deteriorating areas of a coating system. Additional accountability may also be anticipated if a facility stops operation for the essential repairs to be made.