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Electrical cables are critical components of nuclear power plants (NPPs) that ensure their safe operation. In use they are exposed to a wide range of environmental stresses, such as elevated temperature, gamma radiation, moisture, and electrical stress. Among the different environmental stresses, elevated temperature leads to the thermo-oxidative degradation of electrical cable insulation, which may cause early failure of electrical cables and subsequently lead to unplanned plant shutdowns, electrical transients, and/or a loss of safety redundancy.
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Scale is an adherent deposit of inorganic compounds precipitated from water onto surfaces. Most oilfield waters contain certain amounts of dissolved calcium, barium or strontium salts. The mineral scale can be formed by chemical reactions in the formation water itself, by mixing of formation water with injected seawater, or by mixing of the well streams of two incompatible oilfield waters. In carbonate reservoirs, when calcium is deposited as calcium sulfate or calcium carbonate scale, a loss of production and increased maintenance expenses can result. Therefore, effective mitigation of scaling potential is of importance to the oil producers.