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Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-phosphonium Sulfate (THPS) is a very common active ingredient in oil and gas biocides. While product labels provide broad guidelines application dosing the lowest effective dose of THPS is difficult to determine. Site water chemistry and bacteria biology variability will affect the dose need to achieve the desired level of bacteria population control. For these reasons biocide dose response studies are commonly conducted on solutions containing bacteria to determine the effect of treatments before application.
Biocide dose response studies are commonly conducted on water solutions containing bacteria to determine the effect of chemical treatments before application. Biocide product labels provide broad guidelines for dosing. However, site water chemistry and bacteria biology make the minimum effective dose differ for each location difficult to determine. A large volume culture of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) was prepared and allowed to grow until 4 log bacteria were present. The sample as then split into four identical 500 ml samples. The four samples were dosed at 0, 5, 50 and 400 ppm of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-phosphonium sulfate (THPS) based biocide. The effect on bacteria levels were tested using an enzyme-based bacteria metabolism test after 0.2, 1, 8, 24 and 96 hr. This study showed that a single application of 50 ppm of biocide could be as effective as a 400 ppm on high numbers of planktonic SRB.
Biomass, as a renewable energy source, can be converted into bio-oil (BO) via thermochemical conversion pathways. Among them, fast pyrolysis is the most common and the only industrially applied approach to convert dry biomass into BO. There are many advantages of using BO to replace traditional fossil fuels. For example, the amount of CO2 generated from biofuel combustion is close to that absorbed in raw biomass growth, leading to a net-zero carbon emission from energy production. BO combustion generates lower emissions of SOx and NOx compared to conventional fossil fuels.
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This paper highlights a successful rehabilitation of a regulated steel line with flexible steel pipe. The pipeline resides under jurisdiction and was approved by both state and federal pipeline safety administrations. Upon completion, the rehabilitated system restored transmission while also reducing overall operating risk. Use of the flexible steel pipe allowed the operator to utilize a dual-containment design while also implementing real-time continuous annulus monitoring on multiple interfaces, effectively reducing risk to environment and local residents.
The corrosion process that causes metal degradation is natural. The metal and its structure corrode with time. The corrosion rate is usually faster in specific corrosive environments.