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In the recent years, Horizontal Directional Drilling - HDD - became a real improvement for pipeline construction when crossing obstacles such as rivers, roads or railways. For the corrosion protection of the carbon steel pipeline, a protective coating is associated with cathodic protection. But for trenchless techniques, the coating shall withstand the stresses from the installation. Several standards are used to specify corrosion protection coatings for buried pipelines but those documents do not cover the specific conditions of an HDD.
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In industrial plants such as oil & gas and chemical plants, the plant piping is covered with insulative materials such as mineral wools and metal cladding for thermal insulation. The piping under insulation is subject to more severe corrosive environment than that exposed to the outdoor, due to rainwater entering through the cladding joints and condensation caused by temperature fluctuation. In addition, since the piping is covered with the insulation materials, it is impossible to identify the corrosion from the outside, increasing the risk of leakage accidents due to delays in corrosion mitigations.
MIC is a major problem in many industrial sectors, especially in the oil and gas industry. It is widely believed that almost 20% of all corrosion costs can be attributed to MIC. The shale gas and oil industry suffers from mostly MIC rather conventional abiotic CO2/H2S corrosion. Very severe MIC with fast failures are seen in field operations with very harsh operating conditions such as high salinity and nutrient-rich water, including treated municipal wastewater that promotes microbial growth. In some situations, titanium and plastic pipes are used to cope with MIC.
Drag Reducing Agents (DRA) usage in liquid petroleum pipelines has increased over the past few decades, as they improve the mechanical efficiency of flow systems, but their potential impact on different aspects affecting corrosion management has not been fully evaluated. For example: DRA may a) decrease mass transfer and velocity near-wall, reducing flow induced localized corrosion or erosion-corrosion; b) introduce changes in the oil/water interface, affecting water-in-oil stratification and water-oil phase inversion point; c) affect the function of corrosion inhibitors by adsorbing to surfaces or direct chemical interaction.
The potential effect on water accumulation was not included in the model developed for the Pipeline Research Council International, Inc (PRCI) or in other models that are typically used6 for the indirect inspection step of the Liquid Petroleum Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment methodology (LP-ICDA).
Assessing the corrosion degradation of aboveground tank bottom plates is a critical challenge for the industry. Internal inspections are a useful way of assessing the integrity of assets but might severely impact normal plant operation. In 2006, Chang et al. conducted a study on storage tank accidents and concluded that 74% of reported accidents occurred in petrochemical refineries, and 85% of them had caused fire and explosions.
RLs are susceptible to internal corrosion that is influenced mainly by fluid corrosiveness including factors such as temperature, pH, carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) content, water chemistry, flow stagnation, wettability, and presence of deposits.
Generally, for corrosion to occur there must be liquid water with sufficient quantity to wet the pipe surface. Once water wet, the line will corrode at a rate determined by the chemistry of the water, acidity and quantity of deposits.
Offshore wind towers are commonly foreseen with factory-applied anti-corrosion coatings that consist ofmulti-layer 2-component protective paint systems like epoxies or polyurethanes. These coating systems have various requirements in place for application and curing conditions like a high degree of surface cleanliness of steel, roughness profile for achieving proper adhesion, low levels of salt contamination on the surface, and appropriate control of temperature and humidity during curing. During transport and installation of the coated towers, the factory-applied coating often gets damaged.
In the United States, there are fuel pipelines spanning more than 2.6 million miles. A major portion of the pipelines is gas distribution lines, where the product is delivered from the pressure regulating station to the customer’s home or facility. The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials and Safety Administration (PHMSA) finalized rules for Distribution Integrity Management Program (DIMP) plans in 2009, enforcing the distribution pipeline operators to assess, report, and manage the risk associated with the pipeline operation. Corrosion threat is one major threat to the pipeline operation and integrity based on CFR 192, CFR 195 and ASME B31.82. A comprehensive understanding and assessment of corrosion risk are indispensable for a safer pipeline operation. This demands a more precise understanding, prediction, and management of the pipeline corrosion
Drill collars are thick-walled pipes that provide stiffness and concentration of mass at or near the bit and are among the main components of the bottom-hole assembly (BHA). The non-magnetic drill collars (NMDCs) represent a sub-category of proprietary drill collars that enable magnetic surveying and directional drilling. Due to their cross-section, NMDCs are inherently heavy and can convey a strong push on the drill bit itself, minimizing cutting instability problems, while their strength is sufficient to prevent buckling while drilling.
Given the need to end our dependence on fossil fuels and invest in alternative sources of energy that are clean, accessible, affordable, sustainable, and reliable, geothermal energy can be a promising choice as a prominent source of energy. Geothermal energy systems are an established renewable energy resource with a long history of adaptable, reliable baseload generation. Conventional geothermal energy systems (GES) in the Western USA can provide almost 30 gigawatt electricity (GWe) of baseload.
Mono-ethylene glycol (MEG) is often injected in offshore gas transport lines to prevent the formation of gas hydrates (crystalline solids comprised of water and gas that form at low temperatures). Glycol is one of the most effective products for this purpose and acts to further lower the temperature at which hydrates would normally form. As such, it is called a thermodynamic inhibitor.
Protective coatings provide the primary defense against corrosion of pipelines. Adhesion is one of the most crucial properties for coatings to function properly and support successful long-term integrity. If the bond between the coating and substrate is weak or deteriorates, the coating ceases to be attached to the substrate, and the coating loses its effectiveness and eventually fails.