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Waterflooding is a common secondary recovery technique where injection water (IW) is used to maintain reservoir pressure and improve oil recovery. During such operations, the mobile hydrocarbon phase is displaced along with formation water (FW) toward producing wells. The resulting produced water stream is a blend of FW and IW; these waters can be incompatible resulting in dissolved ions to precipitate out of solution as mineral scale.
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Inspection of ballast tanks and enclosures is generally performed using traditional methods such asvisual inspection and non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques. However, it is common for thesemethods to often be labor intensive and limited by physical restrictions that prohibit access to certainareas. Further, the evaluation of the coating condition is heavily dependent on the inspector, and thequality of the data gathered is varying.
Mineral scale deposition is one of the major flow assurance issues for the oil and gas industry. When an oil or gas well produces water, there is the possibility that scale could form either by the mixing of incompatible waters forming oversaturated brine or by direct precipitation of the water that occurs naturally in reservoirs due to the changes in pressure, temperature, or pH. Scale inhibitors are commonly used to prevent mineral scale formation during oil and gas production and mitigate this flow assurance issue.
Overtime, chromium has traditionally been used as a surface coating in numerous industrial application such as automotive and general engineering products because of its excellent wear resistance, low coefficient of friction, high resistance to hear and corrosion. Owing to its advantages, several deposition methods have been developed to coat Cr on different surfaces such as plasma nitriding, vapor deposition, physical coating spray, electrodeposition and others. Among these techniques, electrodeposition stands out because of its simple and versatile approach to producing Cr deposit under ambient temperature and normal pressure, with benefits of low cost, high deposition rate, good homogeneity of coating thickness, and intriguing ability to coat substrates of complicated geometrical forms.
The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is attracting interest as a generator of electricity that does not emit greenhouse gases, provided that hydrogen is produced via clean processes. However, their large-scale commercialization is still limited by high cost and limited durability. As essential elements of the PEMFC, the bipolar plates (BPPs) enable the transport of electrons to the external circuit, guarantee the mechanical assembly of the cell, distribute the reactive gases, and evacuate the water.
Components utilized in oil field operations are often exposed to harsh environments. Corrosion and wear of components and piping can be considered one of the main causes of failure. These components are exposed to high flow rates, high pressures, and other environmental conditions.
Nowadays, titanium-based alloys are commonly used in biomedical applications as, for example, materials for dental implants or hip replacements. Their good corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and high mechanical properties for a relative weight make them good candidates. However, improvements in the design of these alloys for biomedical applications need to be made.
Geothermal energy is a cost-effective, reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly solution to produce electricity using the energy resources available underground. Binary plants are becoming more popular as it helps extract the most enthalpy. In binary plants, brine is cooled to its lowest possible temperature to maximize energy extraction.
Sour gases like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are one of the main risks associated in the production and processing of oil and gas. H2S is a very toxic and pungent gas that causes problems in both the upstream and downstream oil and gas industry. Exposure to H2S, even at relatively low concentration can prove deadly and has many HSE implications.
The U.S. has more than 2.6 million miles of pipelines that transport natural gas and petroleum products. These pipelines are subjected to various potential threats (e.g., aging, harsh environment, natural hazard) during their service lives. Particularly, corrosion that results in loss of metal on external or internal surfaces of pipelines is one of the leading causes of the pipeline failure.
Aluminum alloys exhibit good resistance to atmospheric corrosion due to the presence of a fine, passive oxide layer. Nevertheless, these alloys are not immune to corrosion which can take the form of localized corrosion like pitting, intergranular or exfoliation corrosion. Thus, the assessment of the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloys under atmospheric conditions is a major topic for many applications including the aerospace industry.
PT Pertamina Hulu Energi (PHE) is a subsidiary of PT Pertamina (PERSERO) – Indonesia’s national oiland gas company, with coverage activities from exploration, development, operation, production anddistribution of oil and gas in Indonesia. PHE manages the portfolio and/or operations of 58 subsidiaries,6 joint ventures and 2 affiliated companies that manage oil and gas blocks at home and abroad, as wellas engaged in downstream oil and gas business activities and services with oil and gas production of540,000 BOPD and 2500 MMSCFD. Oil and gas operations handle hazardous material such as hydrocarbons that can easily form flammable mixture and some toxic.