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Geothermal energy has been an integral part of the renewable energy mix for several decades. The total installed geothermal power generation capacity by the end of 2021 was 15,854 MW. Despite the challenges imposed by the pandemic, new capability was developed, and capacity was added in several countries. The capacity was increased by 246 MW from the figure in 2020.4
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In any military base, there are numerous assets that need to be maintained. These assets can easily be traced from the fuel offload all the way through to the fuel dispenser. In between, this fuel travels through pipelines, into storage tanks, into pump stations, through filter separators, into fuel dispensers, and finally into either a track or non-track vehicle including jets. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop a system to inventory all assets and perform condition assessments on each to prevent degradation, corrosion, possible section loss of the metallic substrate, and loss of the liquid fuel. This paper will highlight some of the assets related to the fuels pipeline and related assets.
The Hanford Site stores over 50 million gallons (190 million liters) of legacy nuclear process waste that was generated from plutonium separations and waste management processes. This waste, in the form of supernatant liquids, saltcakes, and sludges is contained in large underground storage tanks, up to a million gallons (3.78 million liters) in capacity and lined with carbon steel. The waste was made highly alkaline to ensure passivation of the carbon steel, but it also contains nitrate, in high concentrations, along with fluoride and chloride that poses risks for stress corrosion cracking and pitting corrosion.
Duplex stainless steels (DSS) are widely used as structural alloys in marine and energy industries because of their excellent combination of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. In light water reactor (LWR) power plants, these alloys find their applications in piping and internal structural components. With a currently designed lifetime of 40 years, these DSS components show little degradation in their mechanical properties. However, most current and future nuclear power plants are expected to operate beyond 60 years. This prolonged service period challenges the integrity of materials and components in the reactor. DSS component lifetime in the reactor is subjected to elevated temperatures, internal pressures, and corrosive environments.
Silicon is an important element of our Planet’s crust, which is transferred into water streams through dissolution.1 Hence, it is usually found as water-soluble silicate or colloidal silica in natural surface waters (sea, rivers, lakes), or underground waters. When such water is used for industrial purposes (eg. industrial cooling), silicate can enter the operating system and can pose a threat to its proper operation. The main reason is the solubility of amorphous silica, a product of the silicate polycondensation process.
Duplex stainless steels (DSS) are an attractive alternative to conventional austenitic 300 series. They are becoming more and more present in industrial applications requiring high mechanical properties combined with good corrosion resistance. UNS S32202 is a lean duplex grade designed to guarantee corrosion resistance superior to that of 304L in most environments and even equivalent to 316L in NaCl environment at room temperature. Its yield strength is twice as high as 304L and 316L allowing thickness and weight reduction in structural components. With low nickel content (2.5%) and no molybdenum addition, the impact of raw material price fluctuation is reduced. It makes UNS S32202 suitable for a high number of applications including public transportation, building & construction, watersystems, liquid storage and pulp&paper industry.
Fouling of equipment surface by unwanted materials is a well-documented problem inindustrial water systems.1 The foulants are generally classified into four categories: a)mineral scales i.e., calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, calcium phosphate, magnesiumhydroxide, etc., b) corrosion products i.e., iron oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, etc., c)microbiological mass i.e., bacteria, algae, fungi, and other organisms, and d) depositsi.e., clay, silt, calcium-inhibitor salts, corrosion products, etc.
Once polymers are used reliably in a specific service, they become the material of choice due to their cost effectiveness. However, to choose and apply polymers dependably, one must consider their unique properties – they are different from the metals we use industrially. Through various examples of damaged and failed parts, this paper illustrates fundamental information about choosing, using, and keeping polymers in service. Polymers are subject to permeation, oxidation, aging, fatigue, installation damage, and other damage.
Inorganic scaling and fouling are undesirable processes occurring in process waters that are supersaturated with respect to scaling cations and anions. Mineral scaling is the result of nucleation and crystal growth phenomena that follow predictable pathways. This is because the mineral scales are composed of well-defined crystalline salts, the most common being calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate dehydrate (gypsum), metal sulfides, depending on the particular water chemistry and operational parameters (eg. temperature).
This paper outlines and summarizes the robust testing and assessment program developed and implemented by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), following upon an initial feasibility evaluation completed in 2015. A multi-year, multi-discipline program has been developed, incorporating significant industry input, to address the identified technical gaps in materials, fuels, chemistry, and radiation safety that need evaluation to support a plant demonstration in a Western-design PWR.
Potential measurements are often referred to as the ‘language’ of corrosion. They are the most fundamental process in the field of corrosion control. The purpose of potential measurements is to obtain a general idea of the ‘health’ of the cathodic protection system.
The impacts of marine biofouling to the maritime and naval communities, as well as the planet as a whole are well documented. Whether its increased fuel consumption and carbon emissions, transport of invasive species, or that it just plain looks bad, marine biofouling needs to be addressed more aggressively, be that timely removal of growth, or increased monitoring of hull condition to know when it’s time for removal. Current methods of removing growth are costly both in time and money, potentially environmentally unfriendly and risk impacting the health of the ship’s coating system.