Fouling of equipment surface by unwanted materials is a well-documented problem in
industrial water systems.1 The foulants are generally classified into four categories: a)
mineral scales i.e., calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, calcium phosphate, magnesium
hydroxide, etc., b) corrosion products i.e., iron oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, etc., c)
microbiological mass i.e., bacteria, algae, fungi, and other organisms, and d) deposits
i.e., clay, silt, calcium-inhibitor salts, corrosion products, etc.