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Time-tested and proven methods to control corrosion of oil and gas industry infrastructures (pipelines, facilities, and refineries) include the use of appropriate materials, protective coatings, cathodic protection (CP), and corrosion inhibitors.
Criteria for evaluation, qualification, and selection of materials, coatings and application of CP arequantitative and are typically followed rigorously (Table 1). Standards on these quantitative criteria are established, and in many cases have been adopted by regulatory authorities.
A test to determine the corrosive properties of gasoline and distillate fuels in preparation for transport through a pipeline. Specimen preparation, equipment, and rating the test specimens.
In most engineering and scientific applications, machine learning (ML) or artificial intelligence (AI) methods in general, are primarily oriented to design a statistical/heuristic procedure to predict the outcome of a system under new conditions. This mechanism aims at exploring non-evident correlations between inputs and outputs that are embedded in the data. However, a large body of this effort relies on black-box function approximations (e.g., neural networks) that have shown limitations to elucidate additional insights from the underlying physical process that generated the data. Thus, this type of knowledge is generated in a data-driven manner without fully explaining the physics governing the problem.
A fit for purpose qualification of new corrosion inhibitors was carried out for in a gas and condensate field. The depth of production well is 4,500 m and the bottom hole temperature and pressure are 180ºC and 50 MPa respectively. The methodology and result of the inhibitor evaluation under a sweet condition was summarized. Two brands of corrosion inhibitors had been used each for production tubing and flowline in the field. New corrosion inhibitors were evaluated for the both applications. The corrosion inhibitor efficiency for high shear service and the adhesion tendency were evaluated with a rotating cage autoclave and a dip and drip experiment respectively. In order to evaluate the tendency of emulsion forming, oil, brine and an inhibitor were poured into a centrifuge tube and it was shaken intensely. Gas chromatograph - mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were studied to measure the residual amount of inhibitor. Finally, the field trial was conducted with a new inhibitor. The new inhibitor was adopted successfully for the both services. The risk of emulsion forming became lower because the mixing of two brands of inhibitors was avoided. Reducing the number of the chemicals contributed to reduction of the operation cost too.
This paper pertains to a study of an API 5L X-60, Carbon steel, injection water pipeline, which failed prematurely in 4 years after commissioning due to under-deposit corrosion. A detailed study was carried out to investigate the failure causes.
The utilization of volatile corrosion inhibitors (VCI) in dry packaging scenarios have become ubiquitous throughout industry for the protection of metal parts during shipping and storage. Initial protective packaging applications of VCIs involved coated paper which was used to wrap or interleave metal parts for transportation and/or storage. This type of wrapping evolved into film packaging where the inhibitors were extruded into film.
New methods for monitoring scale and corrosion inhibiting water treatment programs have been developed. These new patented methods utilize the measurement of system consumption of actives in the treatment program by fluorescence analysis.'-' The applied dosage of treatment program and the amount of actives available to the system are measured with inert fluorescent tracers added to the treatments.
System consumption of actives is defined as the difference between the amount of actives added and remaining in the system. 2,5- 7 Consumption measurements determine changes in the whole operating system (not a simulated, small portion of the system). Consumption measurements can also be made on individual portions of the system (heat exchangers). Changes in consumption of inhibitors and dispersants can .be related to changes in system operating conditions and performance. Reducing consumption of actives or maintaining consumption within a specified range can be related to optimization of the operation of the cooling system and treatment program.