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Reinforced concrete is the most common building material in water and wastewater treatment facilities. It is very common to see unprotected concrete in severely corrosive environments or corroding reinforcing steel that has been exposed due to construction defects or coating failures. The decision to coat new and existing concrete structures can be very difficult for owners due to the cost, turn-around times for putting structures back into service, and lack of confidence in certain protective coatings.
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A new corrosion inhibitor was developed and successfully applied in the field and the inhibition mechanism was investigated. In this paper, a combination of electrochemical and surface studies was used to shed light upon the corrosion inhibition mechanism.
Mineral scale deposition resulting from waterflooding processes and chemical treatment operations is one of the common issues in upstream oil and gas production. It can lead to significant flow assurance problems as scaling in the reservoirs, wellbores, well casings, oil pipelines, and other production facilities may cause considerable equipment damage and production loss while interfering with corrosion management. Scale usually deposits as a combination of different mineral phases due to the changes in solution conditions such as the saturation level, temperature, pressure, and pH.
Industrial Water Treatment & Underdeposit Corrosion symposia. Formation & inhibition of scale-forming salts. Corrosion & control in industrial water systems. C. Scale, inhibition, challenges & limitation oil & gas. 2017
Metal sulfide mineral scaling, fouling and deposition are frequently encountered problems in geothermal systems. Their formation, crystallization and deposition occur principally because of their extremely low solubility, based on the low solubility product (Ksp). Among the metal sulfides that cause problematic issues, the most common ones are iron sulfide (FeS), zinc sulfide (ZnS), lead sulfide (PbS), and, less frequently, antimony sulfide(s) (Sb2S3 and Sb2S5). Zinc sulfide, for example, has a Ksp of 2·10-25 mol²/L², whereas for PbS, it is 1·10-28 mol²/L² (~ three orders of magnitude less soluble). ZnS can precipitate either as Sphalerite or Zinc Blende, and PbS commonly crystallizes as Galena. Mitigation of such ZnS and PbS precipitates and deposits can be achieved by chemical interventions, by the addition of organic chemical additives to the water. Herein, we report the inhibitory effects of phosphonate-based chemical additives for ZnS and PbS scales. These additives can inhibit formation of sulfide scale, and, significantly, prevent its deposition on metal surfaces. The efficiency of these additives is dosage-dependent, and relatively high inhibitor concentrations are needed for their inhibitory activity to take place. Possible mechanisms will be discussed focusing on inhibition and dispersion.
Information on equipment or in situ processes that are used to treat water - without the addition of chemicals - to produce a measurable useful effect. An example would be a change in the dissolved or suspended matter content of the water.
Traditional water treatment methods pose several challenges to large-vessel preservation. A solution to these challenges involves the application of an immiscible corrosion inhibiting oil partition on the water surface. This paper will highlight challenges of traditional preservation methods and examine the efficacy of one commercial float coat.
This paper presents an unusual case example of recovery boiler waterside tube deterioration by a combination of SAC and phosphate hideout corrosion mechanisms. The case shows boiler tubes that exhibited through-wall corrosion and cracking.
Attendees will be provided an overview and understanding of the problems associated with concrete deterioration in water and wastewater treatment facilities. Information regarding surface preparation, material selection and application methods will be presented.
In late 2021, several leaks were observed inside the waste heat boiler coil of the steam reformer furnace at the refinery. The leaks were located in the first row of tubes of the hot bank in the vertically-oriented coil, where boiler water inside the tubes is heated via waste heat of the reformer stack. The waste heat boiler coil has a design duty of 69.59 MMBtu/hr (~20.4 MW), with design pressures and temperatures of 1010 psig (6.9 MPa) and 700°F (371°C), respectively.
Two test methods for evaluating water quality for subsurface injection: A-Rate vs Cumulative Volume (for water quality monitoring) B-Suspended Solids Test (for diagnosis or monitoring). Historical Document 1984