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Picture for High-strength Nickel Low Alloy Steels for Oil and Gas Equipment: ASTM A508 Grade 4N under cathodic protection and simulated sour environments.
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High-strength Nickel Low Alloy Steels for Oil and Gas Equipment: ASTM A508 Grade 4N under cathodic protection and simulated sour environments.

Product Number: 51320-14706-SG
Author: Andreas Viereckl, Esteban Rodoni, Zakaria Quadir, Garry Leadbeater and Mariano Iannuzzi, Yuta Honma
Publication Date: 2020
$20.00

Low alloy steels (LASs) combine relatively low cost with exceptional mechanical properties, making LASs commonplace in Oil and Gas equipment. However, the strength and hardness of LASs for sour environments and for applications that generate atomic hydrogen at the surface, e.g., cathodic protection, is limited to prevent different forms of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) such as hydrogen stress cracking (HSC) and sulfide stress cracking (SSC). As a result, the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of forged LASs for, e.g., subsea components, rarely exceeds 550 MPa (80 ksi), while the most common pipeline steels are API(1) X65 to X70, with a SMYS of 450 MPa (65 ksi) and 482 MPa (70 ksi), respectively. Moreover, ISO(2) 15156-2 restricts LASs to a maximum of 1.0 wt% Ni due to SSC concerns. The LASs that exceed the ISO 15156-2 limit have to be qualified for service, lowering their commercial appeal.  

In this work, the HSC resistance of the high-nickel (3.41 wt%), quenched and tempered (Q&T), nuclear-grade ASTM(3) A508 Gr.4N LAS was investigated using slow strain rate testing (SSRT) as a function of applied cathodic potential. Results showed that the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) were unaffected by hydrogen, even at a high negative potential of -2.0 VAg/AgCl. HE effects were observed once the material started necking, manifested by a loss in ductility with increasing applied cathodic potentials. Indeed, A508 Gr.4N was less affected by H at high cathodic potentials than a low-strength (YS = 340 MPa) ferritic-pearlitic LAS of similar nickel content. SSRT results were linked to microstructure features, which were characterized by light optical microscopy (LOM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled to electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). 

Industrial Water Treatment: New Trends, Challenges, and Solutions

Product Number: 37628-POD
ISBN: 978-1-57590-357-6
Author: Edited by Zahid Amjad and Tao Chen
$135.00

This is a print-on-demand (POD) book that will be produced just for you in 2-5 days after your order. It should arrive at your door in about one to two weeks. However, due to supply chain and logistic challenges currently affecting the industry, it may take longer. Allow three weeks for international orders.

This book covers the scientific and technological perspectives of industrial water treatment. The book’s 27 chapters are divided into three sections.

Section A (Chapters 1 through 12) deals with the formation and inhibition of scale-forming salts—including calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate dihydrate, calcium oxalate, silica, and calcium phosphate—as well as the removal of impurities and the dispersion and stabilization of suspended matter in cooling and desalination systems.

Section B consists of four chapters and focuses on the fundamentals of corrosion and its control in industrial water systems.

Section C comprises 11 chapters (Chapters 17 through 27) and deals with scale formation, inhibition, challenges, and limitation in the oil and gas industry. The discussions cover conventional scale to exotic scale (e.g., iron sulfide) from conventional and unconventional resources, such as scaling in shale gas field. 

This book is intended primarily for scientists, researchers, technologists, and engineers working in the water treatment and water purification industries around the globe. Researchers in other industries—such as pharmaceutical, medical, and food—who are involved in the use of high-purity water, as well as those in academia, will also find useful information here.

2017 NACE, 452 pages, soft bound, 8.5 x 11" trim size