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Case Analysis Of Electromagnetic Interference Of AC Substation On Pipeline

Product Number: 51322-17517-SG

Author: Su Jin

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

A substation is a place where the power system converts voltage and current and receives and distributes electric energy. When a phase line is abnormally connected to another phase line or ground, a large amount of current will flow into the ground through the grounding bed of the substation. In such case, if metal structures exist such as buried pipelines near the substation, the pipelines often withstand serious electrical interference 1, which causes stray current corrosion of the pipelines 2 and other safety problems.

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Case Histories of Permian Area Scale Treatment Challenges and Chemical Program Optimization Strategies

Product Number: 51324-20857-SG

Author: Haiping Lu; Wei Wei; Chao Yan; Roy Young; David Nix

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

During production in the Permian Area, one of the most impactful operational issues is scale formation and deposition, which can be related to CaCO3, CaSO4, BaSO4, FeS, etc. Scale can occur anywhere from downhole reservoirs and wellbores to topside facilities. Based on different scale formation species, operation conditions, and system requirements, scale treatment strategies will vary and can include the following aspects: • For downhole conditions, either continuous injection or squeeze application can be applied. Squeeze treatments can effectively prevent carbonate and sulfate scales for typically at least 6 to 12 months and help to reduce the amount of solid deposition downhole and in surface facilities. • For surface facilities, continuous injection is usually applied. Scale inhibitors should be compatible with high TDS & high calcium waters to avoid pseudo scale formation, causing increased usage of inhibitors and even blockage of the system. • Iron sulfide (FeS) scale can be controlled by chelators, i.e., Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate (THPS), though typically should be combined with corrosion control and even H2S scavenging treatment to reduce FeS solid deposition. This paper presents case histories from the Permian Area, including general scale issues, FeS deposition cases, and guidance for selecting suitable treatment programs to provide insights on future scale treatments in similar operations.

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Case History: Lining Water Box Condensers

Product Number: 51322-17937-SG

Author: Frank Rea

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

An energy company hired a contractor to remove and replace the linings of water box condensers during a maintenance shut down. This case history will give a summary of the scope of work, a review of the specification, a description of the work performed, an accounting of the in-process inspection, and a summary of lessons learned during the project.

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Case Studies - Learnings from CUI Failures and Inspection Challenges

Product Number: 51324-21070-SG

Author: Ahmad Raza Khan Rana; J. Kyle Williams; Graham Brigham

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is a leading damage mechanism that affects the entire hydrocarbon sector, from production to oil refinery settings. Modern-day inspection programs for CUI management are prioritized based on the risk scores associated with assets. This study addresses the numerous field learning for CUI management from various standpoints. It discusses in detail the outlooks and pitfalls with various disciplines namely non-destructive examination (NDE), risk-based inspections (RBI), workmanship (i.e., insulation craft), field maintenance/ retrofitting as well as corrosion monitoring location (CML) ports. It also discusses some latest and novel remedies to address some CUI triggers and drivers.

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Case Studies on Application of Indirect Inspection Technology and Methodology in Municipal Water and Wastewater Systems

Product Number: 51324-21056-SG

Author: Vignesh Shankar; Emer Flounders

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Indirect inspection surveys have successfully inspected piggable and difficult to pig buried onshore Oil and Gas steel pipelines for decades. Indirect inspection methodologies such as ACVG, DCVG, CIS, GPS, leak detection, and DOC have aided oil and gas pipeline operators to monitor the health of their assets and completing mitigation to ensure their assets are functioning as per design, standards, and code. There has been extensive continuous improvement in monitoring oil and gas pipelines using indirect inspection technology. The water and wastewater pipelines have varying pipe materials. These pipelines are not regulated and do not have extensive literature, and dedicated teams to support maintaining assets in relation to external corrosion prevention, maintenance, and monitoring. This paper focuses on the application of demonstrated indirect inspection technology and methodology in municipal water and wastewater pipelines. The paper will discuss different pipe materials: coated steel pipeline, BWP, and PCCP inspected using indirect inspection technology, and present case studies.

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Case Studies On ECDA and SCCDA

Product Number: 51323-19231-SG

Author: Vignesh Shankar

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Pipelines have been considered one of the safest methods of transporting energy from one place to another. This is achieved through a systematically planned, documented, and comprehensive pipeline integrity management (PIM) program. PIM covers areas such as engineering, operations, inspections and maintenance, health and safety, and environment protection.

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Case Studies On Vapor Corrosion Inhibitor Monitoring Using Electrical Resistance Probes For Oil And Gas Assets.

Product Number: 51322-17855-SG

Author: Daniel Mugongo, Juan Dominguez Olivo

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) are assets that contain valuable goods for the oil and gas industry. Consequently, monitoring and preventing loss of containment and extending the service life of those assets is a priority for the abovementioned industries. To monitor the degradation process of the tanks, ER probes are typically used to determine the corrosion rates. Corrosion rates can be used to forecast the service life of an asset by estimating the time at which the degradation reaches a critical thickness of the tank. If the corrosion rate is such that the critical thickness is expected to reach below the expected service life of the asset, the lifespan can be extended by corrosion mitigation methods.

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Case Study - DC Potential Influence Investigation via Waveform Analysis

Product Number: 51324-21149-SG

Author: Marc Blouin; Darrell Cornet

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

While conducting overline surveys including Close Interval Survey (CIS), Alternating Current Voltage Gradient (ACVG), Direct Current Voltage Gradient (DCVG), Alternating Current Current Attenuation (ACCA) and Depth of Cover (DoC) in the Southeast Saskatchewan, Canada, a section of the cross Canada/US border Alliance pipeline, an unexpected CIS potential was encountered whereby potential measurements dipped, falling below the -850mV potential criteria, before rising again back into the range before the drop. The location of the potential drop occurred at a foreign crossing thus stray current was initially suspected. The field crew remained nearby while the foreign crossing owner representatives were notified of a possible interaction requiring further investigation. An interruption and influence analysis plan was put together to determine the nature of the influence on the Alliance DC Potential measurement circuit. This paper summarizes the preliminary analysis and test plan, the field measurements, and results.

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Case Study - AC Mitigation Design for Multiple Pipelines without Powerline Data

Product Number: 51324-20632-SG

Author: Baotong Lu; Hui Yu

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This case study demonstrates the applicability of the AC Interference Mitigation (ACIM) design method (reported in our preceding paper, C2023-18983) under the conditions of unavailable power data for collocated powerlines and for multiple pipelines that are electrically connected. It was assumed that field AC voltage readings were collected from test stations along at least one pipeline. The procedure is as follows: 1. Estimate the power loads of the powerlines using a trial-and-error method via simulating the AC voltage profile(s) of the pipeline. 2. Validate the predictive model that is based on the estimated current loads with AC voltage readings of the other pipelines, if applicable. 3. Execute ACIM design when necessary. 4. Validate effectiveness of the recommended ACIM action via new field AC readings collected from test stations along the pipelines after the ACIM is applied.

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Case Study - AC Mitigation Design without Powerline Data

Product Number: 51323-18983-SG

Author: Baotong Lu, Hui Yu, Bryan Barker

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Pipeline corrosion may result from alternating current (AC) interferences from various sources, for example, high voltage AC (HVAC) transmission lines collocated with pipelines. AC mitigation is necessary to minimize corrosion risk, as well as personnel hazard, if intensity of AC interferences, normally characterized as AC induced voltage and current density, exceeds certain thresholds. Field readings of AC induced voltage and AC current density obtained from test points along a pipeline are often regarded as indicators of such risks.

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Case Study - Sharing An AC Mitigation System

Product Number: 51322-17786-SG

Author: Hycem Bahgat

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

AC interference analysis between high voltage AC (HVAC) powerlines and buried pipelines is a matter of current interest due to the growing number of right-of-ways shared between powerline and pipeline infrastructure. This is only expected to increase as the worldwide energy demand grows considerably over the next 30 years,¹ and stricter environmental regulations and policies are applied. Therefore, AC interference will continue to be an issue of concern for powerline and pipeline operators to protect the public, environment, and maintain asset integrity.

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Case Study Based On Coating Failure Analysis Of Cargo Container

Product Number: 51322-18110-SG

Author: Syed Umair Niaz Bukhari

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Coatings are a composite blend of raw ingredients that are mixed, applied to a prepared substrate, and dried and cured correctly to perform to their maximum capability. Failures and defects can appear themselves at numerous times in the life of a coating. Prior to application, they can take the shape of settlement and skinning, during application as runs and sags, shortly after application as solvent popping and orange peel, and during service as blistering and rust spotting. Therefore, it is not unexpected that those coatings can suffer from premature failure and/or exhibit defects that may or may not result in failure. Coatings nowadays are the most efficient method to shield metals and thus has been widely engaged among various protective techniques ^{1, 2}.

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance