AMPP Store - Online Conference Paper

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Atmospheric Corrosion: GIS Corrosion Mapping and Materials Selection for Electrical Transmission Lines and Solar Farms

Product Number: 51324-20792-SG

Author: Mehrooz Zamanzadeh; George T. Bayer; Alyson Char; Anil Kumar Chikkam; Peyman Taheri

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The life expectancy of transmission structures depends largely on the material selected and the material’s suitability to the environment to which the structures are exposed. The selection of galvanized and weathering steels for above and below grade applications is a matter of corrosion engineering judgement and corrosivity of the service environments, economics, appearance, and aesthetics. The best way to select the right material for T&D applications is to develop a corrosion map for the service territory that addresses both atmospheric and underground corrosion risks. The map would identify areas of high, medium, and low corrosion risks based on quantified corrosion rates. As part of this effort one can perform field inspections to confirm the accuracy of the corrosion risk assessment map for the material selected.

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Atmospheric Environment Severity Monitoring for Corrosion Management

Product Number: 51323-19464-SG

Author: Liam Agnew, Brandi Clark, Victoria Avance, Fritz Friedersdorf

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Corrosion costs the US Department of Defense billions of dollars annually, with the impact of corrosion estimated at $20.6B in fiscal year 2016. It continues to be one of the leading causes of aircraft unavailability and accounts for a significant portion of maintenance labor and costs. Corrosion management practices are chosen to minimize maintenance costs while maximizing the availability of an asset.

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Atmospheric Plasma Coating Removal For Naval Engineering And Maintenance Applications

Product Number: 51322-18170-SG

Author: Glenn Astolfi, Arthur Wood, Jeffrey Piascik, Peter Yancey, Levi Snowden, Robert Ross

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

A vessel docked for maintenance is a vessel out of service. For military forces, this significantly affects the readiness of that force, its ability to respond quickly and appropriately to a developing situation. It is for this reason that the United States Navy continues to search for and invest in innovations that improve maintenance turn-around times as well as innovations that keep vessels in service for longer periods of time. In large-scale construction and manufacturing industries such as shipbuilding and naval maintenance, coating removal is an essential but time-consuming process required for constructing and maintaining vessels and other structures.

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Atmospheric Plasma: One-Step Precision Process To Remove Coating And Promote Chemical Adhesion

Product Number: 51322-18152-SG

Author: Pietro Ranieri, Levi Snowden, Jason Stimson, Peter Yancey

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

This paper details a precision process for removal of coatings and preparation of the metal surface underneath for optimal chemical adhesion without damaging the metal surface or the surface profile. A precision process is required for removal of coatings around corroded surfaces, potentially defective structures, or thin-walled ligaments where abrasive removal procedures will damage the substrate. In these cases, removing metal will worsen or cause a defect where replacement is expensive. A precision tool that can safely remove the coating, allow for inspection, and enhance adhesion for recoating is needed. This type of tool would enhance existing repair technologies and eliminate the immediate need for replacement.

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Attempts for Preventing Hydrogen Embrittlement and Solving the Infrastructure Problems for Hydrogen Gas Transmission Lines - A Practical IGC Study Based on Surface Thermodynamics

Product Number: 51324-20697-SG

Author: Michael E Hinman; Ilhan Ulkem

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This work summarizes the preliminary results of an effective experimental methodology called IGC, Inverse Gas Chromatography. IGC analysis is a well-established, surface thermodynamics technique. Different types of model coating materials have been tested under relatively identical conditions to determine their ability to interact with hydrogen gas. Findings helped establish a practical way of ranking materials with respect to their interaction with hydrogen. This potentially leads to their ability to protect the infrastructure by either reducing the chances for hydrogen to reach or eliminating it from reaching the metal surface entirely. Greater protection is expected to be achieved with the use of coatings that very weakly interact with hydrogen gas as opposed to those that interact strongly and allow the hydrogen to diffuse into them.

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Augmentation Of Iron Carbonate Corrosion Products Using Amino Acids In CO2 Corrosion Environments

Product Number: 51322-17754-SG

Author: Dilshad Shaikhah, Wassim Taleb, Bruce Cowe, Maalek Mohamed-Said, Anne Neville, Richard Barker

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Oil and gas production in a CO₂ saturated environment is known to lead to corrosion due to dissolved carbonic acid. However, when the conditions are favorable, a protective FeCO₃ layer can also form which reduces the material degradation of the underlying steel by up to ten or a hundred times.1 The formation of FeCO₃ is possible via the reaction shown in equation 1.

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AUTOMATION OF SPOOL WELDING

Product Number: MPWT19-14394

Author: Majed Al Sinan, Pierre Lefebvre

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

This paper presents basic information on fusion welding processes used to weld pressure pipes. More specifically, it looks at the technical improvements of the past 20 years. It details the changes to the GMAW process achieved when Lincoln Electric Company introduced the STT GMAW approach, which revolutionized the industry. It then explains how this new GMAW process allowed welding shops to achieve root pass penetration and fusion that rivaled those achieved with GTAW but with much higher productivity and far less experienced welders. The STT also facilitated the automatization of pressure pipe welding. We will show the impact on quality and productivity for carbon steel. This paper results from reviewing several research articles and from shop experiments performed in a welding shop in Hamriyah Free Zone UAE

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Autonomous Healing of Smart Coating Materials for Corrosion Protection of Oil and Gas Assets

Product Number: 51324-20901-SG

Author: Norfadilah Dolmat; Azmi Mohammed Nor; Mohd Shamsul Farid Samsudin; Russel Varley; Jane Zhang

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Most assets in the oil and gas sector that use metal substrates e.g., pipe supports, or structures are susceptible to corrosion problems primarily because of continual exposure of damaged areas to severe environmental conditions. The proliferation and merging of corrosion issues can cause catastrophic failure of materials, resulting in a reduction in the service life of the materials. To avoid these issues, it is crucial to protect the scratch or minor crack area as quickly as possible so that it does not spread too far. In this case, self-healing as a smart material can be applied to the coating system to repair coating damage instantaneously. Self-healing works in multiple functions where it can be used to protect against corrosion and at the same time heal the damaged area itself. In this research, the experimental work includes boronic ester (BE) and polyurethane (PU) synthesis, BE-PU coating specimen preparation, characterization and performance analysis. BE was introduced in the polyurethane (PU) and applied as an additional coating layer to the existing coating system according to PETRONAS technical standard (PTS) requirement with a thickness of approximately 300-400 µm. The healing performance of the scribed coating at room and 60°C with 80% humidity level was initially evaluated using 3D profilometer microscopy and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Corrosion resistance performance was evaluated by performing long term 3000 hours salt spray and 4200 hours cyclic UV. The mechanical performance or compatibility of the self-healing with current coating system was also assessed using a pull-off adhesion test and abrasion test. The assessment of the scratched BE-PU self-healing using 3D profilometer microscopy demonstrated remarkable healing efficiency of more than 85% and has corrosion resistance performance through salt spray and cyclic UV test. In addition, BE-PU self-healing showed significant adhesion efficiency with more than 300 psi and abrasion performance.

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Avoid Potential Repeated Failure (Cracked Gas Compressor line) Through Proper Material Assessment

Product Number: MPWT19-14239

Author: Ahmed Elsharkawi, Amro Hassanein

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

The heat treatment condition of industrial materials is a critical parameter for material evaluation and its fitness for intended service. Proper heat treatment will produce desired mechanical and physical properties, while absence or improper heat treatment may lead to major failure with huge production, Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) impacts. We hereby explain an actual case for cracked gas compressor (CGC) 5th stage discharge line caustic stress corrosion cracking (SCC) that caused unplanned plant shut down and resulted in noticed financial and production loss.
The proven root cause is absence of normalization. Emergency piping batch is received and supposed to be normalized to avoid failure recurrence. Many discrepancies extracted from submitted material certificates, also many physical signs observed on the material itself raising doubts about received material compatibility. Using advanced Positive Material Identification (PMI) device to verify the chemical composition of the received material, results show that the material is questionable.
As a precise test to verify heat treatment condition, microstructure analysis test (metallography) conducted to confirm normalization condition of the material, the resulted grain structure size and growth confirm that one of the received pipes has improper or absence of normalization.
The material rejected as it is proven and confirmed that it is not normalized as per the requirements to avoid further potential of hydrocarbon leakage due to improper material specification. Rejecting the material eliminate the potential of having repeated failure, in addition to 600,000 Saudi Riyal (SR) cost saving as material cost. A common recommendation shared with concerned parties to consider metallography as a mandatory test to be submitted with heat-treated material test certificate (MTC).
Key words: Heat treatment, microstructure, normalization, grain structure, failure, metallography

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Balancing the Performance and Robustness of Epoxy Intumescent Coatings

Product Number: 51324-20661-SG

Author: Ingrid Vee; James Irving; Muhammad Ahsan Bashir; Zuzanna Wierzba

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Intumescent coatings for hydrocarbon fires have been on the market since 1970-2019;s and have gained significant attention in recent years due to their ability to efficiently provide passive fire protection for steel structures. With oil and gas exploration moving towards arctic areas, there is a demand for intumescent coatings which can resist large temperature fluctuations during the service life without cracking. Prior acceptance within the industry of hairline cracking in such coatings is no longer acceptable. Consequently, there is a need for intumescent coatings which can withstand the severity of the service conditions without cracking while providing excellent protection in the event of fire. In the coatings industry, T-bar test is frequently used to analyze the toughness of coatings but due to its empirical nature it cannot provide information about the role of chemical structure of the coating in passing/failing the test. Therefore, by employing dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), universal testing machine (UTM) and T-bar testing, it has been shown in this work that there is a correlation between the cracking resistance of intumescent coatings measured via T-bar test and the DMA results.

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Bayesian Modeling Coating Performance

Product Number: 51322-17612-SG

Author: James A. Ellor, Daniel Pope, Anthony Florimbio, C.Thomas Savell, Lisa A. Barker, John Repp

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Coating degradation on Army ground systems represents a significant maintenance cost and effort. The objective of this proposed work is to develop a predictive model for coating degradation and subsequent substrate corrosion on Army ground assets. Provided with a better understanding of the root causes, steps can be taken to reduce corrosion impacts on Army materiel.

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Benchmarking International Cathodic Protection and Alternating Current Mitigation Standards to Determine Suitable Protection Criteria

Product Number: MECC23-20206-SG

Author: Craig Botha

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The past 20 years in the field of Cathodic Protection (CP) have ushered in the distinct shift from the assessment of conventional Direct Current (DC) corrosion mechanisms to the more complex world of electrochemistry influenced by Alternating Current corrosion mechanisms. In fact, traditional assessment of CP protection levels without taking cognizance of the AC interference on a structure can have catastrophic consequences for pipeline operators. The most common misnomer over the past 20 years has been the idea that a pipeline under suitable levels of CP cannot corrode in a High Voltage Powerline Right of Way.

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance