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Assessing Comprehensive Mechanistic CO2 Corrosion Modeling Methods and Their Impact on Predicted Corrosion Behavior

Product Number: 51324-20656-SG

Author: Michael Jones; Gregory de Boer; Richard Woollam; Joshua Owen; Richard Barker

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

In this work, two comprehensive mechanistic models of aqueous carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion produced by Nordsveen et al.1 and Kahyarian et al.2 17 years apart are recreated and compared to highlight the evolution in understanding. The differences between the models include the role of carbonic acid at the surface, whether it is directly reduced or acts as a buffering agent, as well as different mechanisms for the anodic response, and varying temperature responses of multiple input variables. Through recreation and validation of these models using the same software, key comparisons are made to understand the effect of these changes on predicted corrosion rate, surface pH, and speciation through the boundary layers. These values are plotted across a range of input parameters to investigate how the change in scientific understanding influences predictive response of corrosion models.

Assessing Environmentally Assisted Cracking Of Structural Alloys In Molten Salts

Product Number: ED22-17120-SG

Author: George Young, Jake Quincey, Andrew Brittan, Pit Shulze, Stella Tsotsos, Lars Parrington, Josef Parrington, Anne Demma, Micah Hackett, Samuel Briggs and Julie D. Tucker

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The potential for structural alloys to undergo environmentally assisted cracking in molten salts is relatively unexplored due to their limited industrial application. However, fluoride salts are of prime interest to many advanced reactors including the Kairos Power FHR reactors. Table I summarizes literature studies of EAC in molten fluoride salts. For the ten studies shown, seven are for Ni-Mo-Cr family of alloys (INOR-8 / Hastelloy N or variants) that were used in the Molten Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE), two studies investigate austenitic stainless steels, and there is one report of EAC in oxygen free high conductivity (OFHC) copper.

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Assessing Stainless Steel Compatibility in Flowing Fluoride Salts

Product Number: ED22-18337-SG

Author: B. A. Pint, C. G. Parker, Y.-F. Su, D. Sulejmanovic, M. J. Lance, R. Pillai

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

There is considerable interest in molten halide salts for several applications including thermal storage and next generation nuclear reactors. While molten salt as a working fluid and/or fuel media offers advantages, salt compatibility with structural and functional materials is a concern. Various reports in the literature suggest that chloride and fluoride salts can be highly corrosive to structural alloys but do not always clearly describe how the salt was handled and dried/purified prior to and during the corrosion experiment.

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Assessing Structural Vulnerabilities: Analyzing the Effects of Wildfires on Power Industry Steel Infrastructure

Product Number: 51324-21141-SG

Author: Mehrooz Zamanzadeh; George T. Bayer; Anil Kumar Chikkam; Edward Larkin; Clinton Char

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This paper focuses on the detrimental effects of wildfires on steel structures within the power industry, specifically examining the degradation of mechanical properties in structural materials and protective coatings due to high-temperature exposure. It discusses the impact on transmission and distribution structures, as well as the generation of gases and corrosive substances during wildfires. Furthermore, the paper investigates the influence of high temperatures on the mechanical properties of bare structural steel and the degradation of galvanized steel coating layers. Additionally, it explores the thermal degradation of organic coatings, changes in concrete mechanical properties, and the application of non-destructive techniques for condition assessment, including remote temperature monitoring, on structures exposed to wildfires. This research provides valuable insights into the effects of wildfires on power industry steel structures, enabling better understanding and the development of effective mitigation strategies to safeguard infrastructure and ensure its resilience in fire-prone areas.

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Assessing Susceptibility of Insulation Materials to IGSCC under Hot and Wet Conditions: A Novel Test Method

Product Number: 51324-20920-SG

Author: Yuan Li; Lisa Sopkow; Simon Yuen; Matthew Krantz; Tony Lam

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) in above-ground carbon steel pipelines has been identified as a distinct mode of failure, different from the typical neutral pH and high pH SCC observed in buried pipelines. This form of SCC occurs under specific conditions, including operating temperatures ranging from 70°C to 190°C, exposure to wet mineral wool insulation, and insulation installations dating from post-2003. The affected carbon steel grades have included API 5L or CSA Z245.1 with specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of 52 ksi or higher, as well as A106 Gr B, A234 WPB, and A516 Gr 70. Both field and laboratory tests have been conducted in the past to investigate this phenomenon. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This paper presents a summary of the results obtained from various analytical methods, including chemical analyses, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) testing, field crack inspections, U-bend autoclave tests, and a novel wet/dry cyclic test. It outlines the gaps in our understanding and highlights key findings that contribute to a better understanding of SCC in this specific context. Additionally, this paper discusses the development of test methods for screening susceptible materials, which is crucial for preventing failures related to intergranular SCC in above-ground carbon steel pipelines.

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Assessment And Rehabilitation Of Piping Inside Water And Wastewater Treatment Plants

Product Number: 51322-18200-SG

Author: Manuel Najar

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Many pipelines within water and wastewater treatment plants that were constructed within the last 50 years are nearing the end of their service lives. Owners have invested in condition assessments to help them make the difficult decision to repair or replace these pipelines.

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Assessment of Ammonium Chloride Corrosion in Refinery Crude Distillation Unit Overhead Conditions

Product Number: 51324-21131-SG

Author: H. Li; Y. Yoon; Russell D. Kane

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The corrosion in crude unit overhead systems, specifically related to acidic attack and under-deposit corrosion caused by salt formation, has been extensively documented in both industry and literature. However, the absence of comprehensive corrosion data correlating critical environmental and flow variables has posed challenges in evaluating corrosion and selecting appropriate materials. To address this issue, a Joint Industry Program (JIP) was conducted with the primary objective of generating engineering data on the corrosion behavior of commonly used construction materials in atmospheric overhead systems of refinery crude distillation units (CDU-OH). The study focused on investigating the effects of HCl, NH3, NH4Cl, H2O, and H2S in the presence of ammonium chloride, aiming to identify key parameters associated with three prevalent forms of corrosion: under-deposit, water dew point, and aqueous corrosion. Through meticulous thermodynamic modeling and corrosion evaluations performed in simulated environments that accurately represented relevant conditions, the impact of these key parameters on the corrosion of six frequently used materials of construction—namely, carbon steel, 410 stainless steel, Alloy 400, Titanium, Alloy 625, and Alloy C-276—was rigorously evaluated. The corrosion rates of these materials under various test conditions were quantified, leading to the development of a corrosion prediction model. This model serves as a valuable tool for determining conditions for ammonium chloride-induced corrosion in CDU-OH systems, aiding in the assessment and decision-making processes pertaining to material selection.

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Assessment of Cement-Lined Pipelines and Challenges

Product Number: MPWT19-14342

Author: Murtada H. Alsalman, Itoro L. Akrasi, Zakariya H. Alyacoub

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Steel pipeline is the optimum choice for transporting oil and gas due to its excellent strength,
material properties and cost. Some pipeline services require special attention to avoid
corrosion or erosion, e.g., corrosive water injection systems. To address this, internal liners
have been introduced, including cement-lined to protect the pipelines from such conditions.
Even though cement-liners enhance the reliability of the pipelines, there are still challenges
related to inspection. The inspection of cement-lined pipelines is difficult with in-line
inspection tools (ILI) due to surface roughness of the cement, which impacts the movement.
Also, the cement lining is too thick for the sensors of the ILI tool to measure the steel
thickness through the liner.
Cement-lined pipelines are frequently used for water injection system facilities where
common inspection techniques cannot be used due to inherent limitations. As safety,
reliability and continuity are important at Saudi Aramco operations, the team spare no effort
to ensure the integrity of these pipelines utilizing different inspection techniques. In 2017,
electromagnetic acoustic transmission (EMAT) inspection technology was utilized for the first
time on cement-lined pipelines at the water injection facilities. This paper describes the
capability and successful deployment of EMAT inspection technology.

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Assessment of Marker Pens for Compatibility with Tank Linings: Implications for Performance

Product Number: 51324-20783-SG

Author: Gard Reian

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This paper investigates the impact of marker pens on the final performance of tank linings when used during the inspection process. The study focuses on chemical resistance and intercoat/substrate adhesion, employing a range of different marker pens and evaluating their compatibility with various epoxy tank lining systems. Five different coating systems and three different marker pen brands were tested, and the results revealed a significant disparity in performance. Surprisingly, only one of the tested marker pen brands demonstrated zero failures in terms of both chemical resistance and intercoat/substrate adhesion, for the five tested coating systems. These findings underscore the critical role that marker pen selection plays in maintaining the integrity and longevity of tank linings. The study provides valuable insights for industry professionals, aiding them in making informed decisions when choosing marker pens for inspection purposes, enhancing the overall performance and durability of tank linings.

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Assessment Of Neutron Irradiation Damage In Aggregates

Product Number: ED22-17265-SG

Author: Elena Tajuelo Rodriguez, Lawrence M. Anovitz, Michael Cheshire, Yann Le Pape, Jan Ilavsky, Thomas M. Rosseel

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

The required electrical power in the United States has led the utilities and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission to evaluate second license renewals for operating light-water reactors, and some extensions have already been reviewed for extended operation to 80 years. As these plants were licensed to operate for 40 years with options for additional 20 year extensions, the extended operation raised questions in terms of materials performance under extreme conditions and extended time. The effects of prolonged irradiation must be understood and evaluated to predict and ensure the reliability of plant components.

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Assessment Of Precorrosion Methods For Inhibitor Testing Under Sour Conditions

Product Number: 51322-17903-SG

Author: Attila Palencsár, Rolf Nyborg

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Development of new oil and gas fields is likely to involve sour reserves to an increasing degree. Sour
production often brings about difficulties in terms of asset integrity, related particularly to corrosion
mitigation. Employing corrosion resistant alloys implies a considerable escalation in investment costs. On this basis the use of carbon steel and CO2/H2S corrosion inhibition remains a highly desirable
option.

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Asset Integrity Confidence Enhancement: A Case Study in Enhancing Facilities Integrity through the Management of Inherited Risk from the Manufacturing and Fabrication Phase of a Facility's Life Cycle

Product Number: 51324-21067-SG

Author: Tan Su Anne; Nurul Asni Bt Mohamed; M Aswadi B Ton Alias; M Iskandar B Bakeri

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Asset integrity management is an essential part of the Mechanical Integrity element in the Process Safety Management framework. Programs such as risk-based inspection evaluate operational risks and establishes inspection plans to prevent unplanned facility failures. However, an effective Asset Integrity practice should also consider residual risks originating from the manufacturing and fabrication phase. Neglecting these risks can lead to unexpected failures during operations. A recent incident arising from improper heat treatment of stainless steel components in high-temperature refinery service highlighted the need for enhanced integrity measures. In response to this, a materials assessment was initiated, analyzing data from the equipment quality dossier. Gaps in manufacturing and fabrication processes were identified, and mitigated by a customized inspection program. This paper discusses crucial factors during manufacturing and fabrication that may cause degradation of material properties, resulting in premature failure. Additionally, it explores safety risks and other identified gaps from the study, along with the corresponding mitigation measures.

Online Conference Paper

Association for Materials Protection and Performance