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Pulsed Eddy Current (PEC) technology is a widely accepted inspection method now covered by several industry standards such as ISO(1) 20669, API(2) RP 583, and the new ASME(3) Section V (BPVC for Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code), article 21. PEC is a versatile inspection technology which provides an average remaining wall thickness through insulation and coatings. The technique can also be used to safely assess the minimum remaining ligament under corrosion scabs or blisters without surface preparation. PEC is resilient to liftoff variations and provides volumetric measurements of remaining material. It is capable of both detecting and assessing general corrosion on the outer surface of the pipes such as scabs and blisters, and detecting erosion or Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) on the inner surface.
Pulsed Eddy Current (PEC) is a proven inspection method used for the detection and assessment of Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI), Corrosion Under Fireproofing (CUF), and material loss under various types of coatings or materials that prevent direct access to the surface. In recent years, PEC inspections have become increasingly common, enabled by more sensitive sensors and innovations that increased productivity such as dynamic scanning and Pulsed Eddy Current Array (PECA) sensors. The technology remains cross sensitive to wall loss and changes in electromagnetic properties or the presence of interfering components. This limitation renders analysis difficult on more complex geometries. The objective of this paper is to introduce an innovative data analysis tool for PEC technology. The new signal representation correlates localized changes in wall thickness measurement with signal amplitude changes to discriminate real wall loss from material property changes or interfering components. The tool provides a simple and easy to interpret vector with orientations illustrating the real or false nature of an indication. The various signatures are presented and explained based on a variety of field data and manufactured samples that demonstrate the capabilities and limitations of this new graphical representation. This innovation, used alongside existing tools, contributes to increased confidence of analysts when facing challenging applications.
Potash is mined from deep underground deposits left by ancient inland seas or extracted from saltwater bodies. The typical composition of potash is 40% potassium chloride (KCl), 55% sodium chloride (NaCl) and 5% clay. About 95% of potash is used for fertilizer in agriculture; the remaining 5% is used in commercial and industrial products such as soap, water softeners, de-icers, drilling muds etc.
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Calcium carbonate precipitation in the presence of pollutants is a carrier of importance for their transport to the sediments and for their subsequent release depending on the local microenvironment conditions. Zinc is often present in industrial waters (heat exchangers and boilers) mainly for corrosion protection. Depending on the alkalinity and calcium concentration of waters used in water intensive processes, calcium carbonate fouling is common. Moreover, among other metals, is present in natural waters together with iron and copper, where the concentration of Zn(II) may reach at levels of several ppm.
Pipeline under, solids deposition deposit corrosion (UDC) is a localized corrosion phenomenon that develops beneath or around solid deposits, which settle at the bottom of low flow/intermittent flow pipelines. These deposits are complex mixtures of water, organic, inorganic, and biological materials, and their composition can vary significantly depending on the properties of the product being transported and the operating conditions in the pipeline.