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In the UK a huge effort was made in the mid to late 2000’s to minimize carbon emissions and the country had seen a rapid increase in wind-turbine generators being installed onshore and increasingly in offshore waters, nearly 2000 were operating in September 2018 and many more are expected in the coming decades. 1 One operator took the challenge to install a number of wind-turbines in the southern sector of the North Sea, just off the coast of south east England. These wind-turbines are constructed using the monopile foundation type principle.
This paper presents the results of a case study regarding corrosion data from 14 No. internal wind turbine structures within the flooded sections. The study analyzed 342 No. test coupons used to determine the corrosion rates within different locations within the monopiles under the air tight deck over a period of several years and timescales. Coupons were inserted below the air tight deck (also referred to the gas tight floor) at various elevations from top in the atmospheric region to the seabed. The coupons were carefully removed and treated to avoid further corrosion occurring, cleaned and weighed. Corrosion rates were established from this and further analysis of pitting rates were carried out. The results were compared to published literature and standards.
The paper provides a review about the corrosion and corrosion protection of offshore wind energy devices (OWEA) with a focus on the support structure. Firstly, special features resulting from location and operation of wind energy devices offshore are being discussed. This includes the definition of a load collective. Secondly, types of corrosion and corrosion phenomena are summarized in a systematic way.
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Cathodic protection (CP) is routinely applied to the external surfaces of offshore wind turbine monopile foundations to minimize corrosion. When the monopile internals are free-flooding, and therefore also exposed to oxygenated seawater, again, cathodic protection may be applied. In cases of unplanned water exchange through cable entry seals, a small additional surface area, in a gap between the seal and the ‘cable entry hole’ through the steel monopile is then exposed to flowing seawater. Cathodic protection calculations were undertaken to assess whether protection (either applied externally or externally and internally) could penetrate into the small gap and prevent corrosion.