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UNS N06985 is a nickel-based alloy with additions of Mo, Cu and W. Because of its high strength and high resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC), cold worked UNS N06985 has been extensively used for OCTG (Oil Country Tubular Goods). The SCC initiation has been studied in Cl-H2S-CO2 containing sour environments; and the SCC resistance was often evaluated using slow strain rate testing (SSRT) for screening by short-term testing and using tensile or C-ring for verification by long-term autoclave testing exposures1. UNS N06985 showed high resistance to SCC at high temperatures in elemental sulfur containing environments with moderate chlorides2.
UNS N06985 is a nickel-based alloy with additions of Mo, Cu and W. Because of its high strength and high resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC), cold worked UNS N06985 has been extensively used for OCTG (Oil Country Tubular Goods). To meet deeper and more challenging environments, tube products manufactured in high quality corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) are required. Recently, cold worked UNS N06985 tubes have been developed and produced for OCTG in specified minimum yield strength 110 ksi and 125 ksi in two dimensions. Laboratory testing has provided mechanical properties and corrosion resistance to localized corrosion and SCC. The SCC resistance has been verified using both short-term SSRT and long-term autoclave exposures using C-ring and mass loss for 90 days. The SSRT was performed in the maximum boundary conditions of environmental limits for 4d type nickel-based alloys per ISO15156-3, whereas the long-term autoclave exposures were performed in a condition outside of the limits for the 4d type materials. With comparison to the commercial tube products of UNS N06985 in literature, the newly developed tube materials of grades 110 ksi and 125 ksi showed high SCC resistance and stable mechanical properties. The tube materials fulfill ISO13680/API-5CRA requirement and ISO15156-3.
Copper alloys such as copper nickel (CuNi) and Admiralty Brass (CuZn) are often successful material selections for seawater coolers. The copper alloys successes in these highly corrosive environments can be attributes to the ability of copper to form a protective scale, thus stopping corrosion of the material. On copper alloys in seawater, the protective scale formed comprises a mix of cuprous oxide (Cu2O), copper oxide (CuO) and copper hydroxy chlorides.
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The current paper deals with a thorough analysis of these newly recognized LHZ with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Electron Back Scattering Diffraction (EBSD) investigations through the wall thickness of pipes. Internal diameter (ID) surface, intermediate zone and bulk metal microstructures showed an increase of a strong misorientation while approaching the ID. Thus, LHZ is characterized by the presence of lath and especially lower bainite type microstructures associated to high local hardness above the NACE MR 0175 / ISO 15156 limits for sour service applications.
Many industrial processes contain H2, CO, CO2, and H2O gas mixtures, such as syngas production and processing in hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol plants. These process environments have high carbon activity, i.e. ac > 1, and low oxygen partial pressure at their elevated operating temperatures, such as in the temperature range of 400-800 °C (752-1472 °F). The high carbon activity could result in a catastrophic material degradation, i.e. metal dusting. The resulting corrosion products consist of carbon or graphite and metal particles, along with possible carbides and oxides, and cause material disintegration.