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Managing aging reinforced concrete infrastructure is a complex and capital-intensive task, particularly in harsh marine and coastal environments. Corrosion from saltwater, coupled with wet and dry cycles, are particularly problematic for long-term durability of reinforced concrete. The Gulf Coast presents a challenge for maintaining service life of concrete structures that are exposed to high levels of chlorides, either by direct contact with salty or brackish water or by indirect contact with salt spray. Chlorides induce corrosion of the steel reinforcement which initiates cracking and spalling of the concrete, reducing the service life of the structure.
Reinforced concrete bridges and other maritime infrastructure are at high risk for corrosion related damage over its service life. These assets are subjected to harsh exposures that will degrade ordinary protective measures for reinforced concrete over time. Sacrificial (galvanic) cathodic protection (CP) systems have been used successfully to protect bridge and other reinforced concrete infrastructure in Texas for approximately 30 years. As these systems age, owners are faced with decisions regarding timing and need to replace existing CP systems. This paper will present case studies from recent testing of sacrificial CP systems from several infrastructure projects along the Texas gulf coast, with ages up to 25 years old. Results from testing indicate many of the CP systems are still offering some level of cathodic protection. Considerations and options for continued monitoring, maintenance and repair, or replacement of the CP systems are presented.
Copper alloys such as copper nickel (CuNi) and Admiralty Brass (CuZn) are often successful material selections for seawater coolers. The copper alloys successes in these highly corrosive environments can be attributes to the ability of copper to form a protective scale, thus stopping corrosion of the material. On copper alloys in seawater, the protective scale formed comprises a mix of cuprous oxide (Cu2O), copper oxide (CuO) and copper hydroxy chlorides.
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Many industrial processes contain H2, CO, CO2, and H2O gas mixtures, such as syngas production and processing in hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol plants. These process environments have high carbon activity, i.e. ac > 1, and low oxygen partial pressure at their elevated operating temperatures, such as in the temperature range of 400-800 °C (752-1472 °F). The high carbon activity could result in a catastrophic material degradation, i.e. metal dusting. The resulting corrosion products consist of carbon or graphite and metal particles, along with possible carbides and oxides, and cause material disintegration.
Cemented carbides have been widely used to make parts for wear applications due to the excellent combination of hardness and toughness. Cemented carbides represent a group of composite materials containing hard metal carbides, such as tungsten carbide (WC), bonded by ductile metallic binder agents, such as cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), or iron (Fe).1 By varying WC grain size, weight fraction of metallic binder, and processing parameters, a wider range of microstructure and mechanical properties can be achieved.