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Picture for Local Hard Zones On TMCP Large Diameter Line Pipes: What Do We Know?
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Local Hard Zones On TMCP Large Diameter Line Pipes: What Do We Know?

Product Number: 51322-17565-SG
Author: Hervé Marchebois, Bruce Cowe, Thierry Cassagne
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

The current paper deals with a thorough analysis of these newly recognized LHZ with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Electron Back Scattering Diffraction (EBSD) investigations through the wall thickness of pipes. Internal diameter (ID) surface, intermediate zone and bulk metal microstructures showed an increase of a strong misorientation while approaching the ID. Thus, LHZ is characterized by the presence of lath and especially lower bainite type microstructures associated to high local hardness above the NACE MR 0175 / ISO 15156 limits for sour service applications.
Picture for Liquid Versus Fixed Bed H2S Scavengers, Working In Harmony Or Against Each Other
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Liquid Versus Fixed Bed H2S Scavengers, Working In Harmony Or Against Each Other

Product Number: 51321-16815-SG
Author: Sooi Kim Lim; Alyn jenkins; Kristina Barbuto; Michael Crawshaw; William Brundick; Michael Juncker
Publication Date: 2021
$20.00
Picture for Liquid Metal Embrittlement in the Refining Industry – Case Histories and Common Prevention Practices
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Liquid Metal Embrittlement in the Refining Industry – Case Histories and Common Prevention Practices

Product Number: 51323-18903-SG
Author: Cathleen Shargay, Shahab Soltaninia, Diana Basheva
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME) phenomenon occurs when the certain molten metals wet the specific alloys, causing drastic ductility reduction that normally is associated with the formation of an intergranular crack that is sudden and brittle in nature. High tensile stress is also known to promote cracking; however, cracks may develop merely by contacting molten metal with a susceptible alloy as there is only a small amount of low-melting-point metal required to cause LME.
Picture for Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME) Study of a Zinc Rich Primer Applied Steel Vessel Plate and Galvanized Steel Plate at Elevated Temperature
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Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME) Study of a Zinc Rich Primer Applied Steel Vessel Plate and Galvanized Steel Plate at Elevated Temperature

Product Number: 51324-20622-SG
Author: Suresh Divi; Sri Krishna Chimbli
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Zinc-rich primer-coated or galvanized ASME SA-516 Grade 70 carbon steel vessels are commonly used in the chemical industry and refineries. Similar to galvanizing, zinc-rich primer coatings are used to protect steel surfaces from corrosion. It is one of the more effective means of sealing critical equipment from moisture, protecting it from corrosion. However, during weld repairs and post weld heat treatment (PWHT) these vessels experience high temperatures (1000-1300oF) and could be susceptible to liquid metal embrittlement (LME). LME of carbon steel and stainless steels due to molten zinc exposure has been known for many years. LME manifests itself by a reduction of the ductility of the substrate metal due to contact with liquid metal which results in brittle failure of an otherwise ductile material. A plate from one of such vessels with zinc primer coating and another one with a galvanized coating (ASME SA-516 Garde 70) were exposed to high temperatures under applied mechanical stress to study the potential for LME. The laboratory study results showed LME of the galvanized steel plate but no LME on the vessel plate with zinc primer coating. It is believed that the presence of an iron oxide interface layer between the primer and the substate prevented LME.
Liquid Applied Insulation Coatings: From the Lab to the Field
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Liquid Applied Insulation Coatings: From the Lab to the Field

Product Number: 51217-029-SG
Author: Nicole Bowman, Remi Briand, Jeremy Ethington
Publication Date: 2017
$20.00

Waterborne coatings are safer to use than their traditional solvent borne counterparts and can reduce environmental impacts. As the market share for waterborne coatings has grown, there has been increased focus on their performance. Simultaneously, the building industry has been challenging coatings manufacturers to provide functional coatings. No longer are aesthetics, corrosion prevention and protection enough; a coating can and should provide multiple benefits to the user. One of the fastest growing segments of the functional waterborne coatings market is liquid applied insulation coatings. 
Linings’ Testing for High Pressure and High Temperature Operations
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Linings’ Testing for High Pressure and High Temperature Operations

Product Number: 41215-902-SG
Author: Yasir Idlibi, Jason Hartt
Publication Date: 2015
$20.00

Of the most severe operations in the oil and gas industry are operations under high pressure and high temperatures where pressures and temperatures exceed 1000 psi and 212°F (100°C). Such operations may contain a variety of chemical constituents such as CO2 and H2S gases, hydrocarbons, and water. To address corrosion issues, materials engineers look into either upgrading to expensive alloys or use protective coatings. 
Picture for Lining Solutions for The Storage Of Biodiesel Or Renewable Feedstocks
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Lining Solutions for The Storage Of Biodiesel Or Renewable Feedstocks

Product Number: 51323-19459-SG
Author: Selwyn E Williams, Michael Harrison
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

The most dangerous phrase in business, “We’ve always done it that way”, has never been more apt. It cannot be assumed that these linings, with proven track record in storage and processing fossil fuels, will provide the same level of asset protection in biofuels storage and biorefining processes. Likewise, the use of “generic” equivalents offers greater risks as the technology used does not define the performance.
Lining Concrete Ground Storage Tanks in Cold Weather: How New Coating Technology can Reduce Issues Related to Solvent Entrapment and Amine Blush
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Lining Concrete Ground Storage Tanks in Cold Weather: How New Coating Technology can Reduce Issues Related to Solvent Entrapment and Amine Blush

Product Number: 51220-234-SG
Author: Cory Brown
Publication Date: 2020
$20.00

Concrete ground storage tanks for potable water can often times be large. This can make lining them a difficult task, especially when temperatures are cold. To minimize disruptions to water delivery to their customers, many municipalities like to schedule lining work in potable water storage tanks during low usage time, which coincide with colder temperatures. 
Picture for Linear Anode for Pipeline Rehabilitation – Thirty Years Later
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Linear Anode for Pipeline Rehabilitation – Thirty Years Later

Product Number: MECC23-19993-SG
Author: Ted Huck
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

There is a long and successful history of using linear anodes to cathodically protect older generation pipelines with aging coatings. The use of linear anodes to address poor cathodic protection distribution has proven to be easier and more cost effective than large scale recoating projects. While the use of linear anodes is common in the United States, there are many similar vintage pipelines in Europe, the Middle East and Asia which struggle with the same challenges and for whom this technology should be of great interest.
Picture for Line Pipe DC-ERW Long Seam Weld Anomaly Investigation
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Line Pipe DC-ERW Long Seam Weld Anomaly Investigation

Product Number: 51324-21182-SG
Author: Luke Jain; Lee Vest; Rick Gonzales; Alex Hudgins; Ransom Stamps
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Linear anomalies were discovered during construction activities near to the DC-ERW long seam weld of a 20-inch natural gas pipeline. Magnetic particle testing and phased array ultrasonic testing were applied to characterize the anomalies. Pipe samples were removed from the pipe for additional destructive laboratory analysis. Laboratory analysis included visual assessment, X-ray computed tomography, cryo-fracture, cross-sectioning, metallographic analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Inspection and testing results indicated that the anomalies were consistent with roller contact marks introduced during pipe manufacturing and did not show evidence of time-dependent growth. Representative anomalies were evaluated using a Failure Assessment Diagram to provide an additional level of assurance. All flaws were found to be acceptable in accordance with general application of API 579 Part 9, Level 2.
Picture for Limitations of the Old Generation Water and Steam Cycle Chemistry Treatment: Highlighting Corrosion Issues and Proposing Advanced Treatment Options
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Limitations of the Old Generation Water and Steam Cycle Chemistry Treatment: Highlighting Corrosion Issues and Proposing Advanced Treatment Options

Product Number: MECC23-20108-SG
Author: IL Yoo; Omar EL Sinnary; Ashwaq Al Jasmi; Seonyeob Li; Salaheldin Ahmed Mohamed; Meshaal Al Hammadi; Saif Al Kaabi; Pravin Kumar Mishra
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Boilers are critical components in gas plants, providing steam for a wide range of process and utility applications. However, with aging, boilers become more prone to integrity challenges, impacting process production, boiler performance, and safety. This case study examines on an operational gas plant in operation since 1977, shedding light on the complexities of managing integrity issues in aging boilers.
Picture for Lightweight Tomographic Monitoring of Pipe Wall Thickness
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Lightweight Tomographic Monitoring of Pipe Wall Thickness

Product Number: MECC23-19896-SG
Author: Audun O. Pedersen; Francesco Simonetti; Geir Instanes; Peter B. Nagy
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

While corrosion and erosion in subsea pipes remains a significant concern, instrumentation has been developed to provide detailed mapping of wall thickness loss. In the mid-2000s the Corrosion-Erosion Monitor was introduced, which utilizes guided ultrasonic waves (GUW) to monitor mean wall thickness loss between non-intrusive ultrasound transducers installed permanently on pipe sections with typical length 0.7 m–1 m [1, 2, 3, 4]. The tomography software package was developed in the 2010s [5, 6, 7, 8] to produce two-dimensional wall thickness maps from the GUW monitoring data.
Picture for Lightweight Sol-Gel Coating to Mitigate Galvanic Corrosion
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Lightweight Sol-Gel Coating to Mitigate Galvanic Corrosion

Product Number: 51323-18758-SG
Author: Adam Goff, Charles Sprinkle, Ben Pinkston, Fernando Farelas, Ariel Farelas
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Aircraft reliability and maintainability are critical to their availability and operation. One of the biggest threats to aircraft availability is corrosion of aircraft systems. The annual cost of corrosion for Air Force aviation and missiles is estimated to be $5.67B dollars, or 23.6% of total maintenance costs for this equipment, and 2.1 million non-available hours. It is estimated that for defense acquisition programs 60 – 80% of the total life cycle cost is associated with the operation and support (O&S) phase.
Lighting Applications for Protective Coatings: The LED Advantage
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Lighting Applications for Protective Coatings: The LED Advantage

Product Number: 41211-624-SG
Author: Michael S. Kralik
Publication Date: 2011
$20.00

The use of advanced LED (Light Emitting Diodes) lighting for protective coating applications provides a significant improvement in the efficiency of the process. Better surface and area visibility improves job performance and is critical for compliant coating application and provides a better work environment for the technicians applying the coat.
Lifting of Multiple in-Service Lines for CUPS Inspections and Remediation
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Lifting of Multiple in-Service Lines for CUPS Inspections and Remediation

Product Number: 51220-246-SG
Author: Kurt Gribnitz, Jan van der Merwe
Publication Date: 2020
$20.00

Introduced in this paper is a newly developed jacking solution developed in conjunction with the petrochemical industry for providing safe access to multiple CUPS whilst the lines are in-service, giving plant engineers and contractors critical information on pipe condition and access to perform maintenance. 
Lifetime Corrosion Control Cost Minimization
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Lifetime Corrosion Control Cost Minimization

Product Number: 51220-265-SG
Author: Douglas Mittlesteadt, David Morton
Publication Date: 2020
$20.00

Most capital projects in the energy market face significant cost overrun issues. There is a real need for innovation to improve productivity; reduce the need for completion on site and to minimize the annual operations maintenance budget. By optimizing the coating specification, we can increase the likelihood of paint completion during the project while increasing productivity and quality. 
Life-Cycle Cost Evaluation of Corrosion Mitigation Strategies in the Mining Industry
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Life-Cycle Cost Evaluation Of Corrosion Mitigation Strategies In Mining Industry

Product Number: 51322-18146-SG
Author: M. Naghizadeh, Y. Savguira, M. Fatakdawala
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

An economic evaluation of a project plays a significant role in determining its feasibility. Corrosion is intrinsic to the operation of metallic assets, and the costs dedicated to its prevention and/or its consequences are unavoidable. Different corrosion strategies could be developed to address the project's needs while complying with relevant codes and standards. These various corrosion control strategies are characterized by inherently different capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operating expenses (OPEX). Careful analysis of the cost projections for each of the considered corrosion mitigation strategies is needed for project optimization and improvement of return on investment.  
Picture for Life Extension of Offshore Field in the Santa Barbara Channel 3: Subsea CP Retrofit of 7 Pipelines with Small ROV Vessel Enabled by Hot Stab Anode String Assemblies
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Life Extension of Offshore Field in the Santa Barbara Channel 3: Subsea CP Retrofit of 7 Pipelines with Small ROV Vessel Enabled by Hot Stab Anode String Assemblies

Product Number: 51323-19414-SG
Author: Omar Rosas-Camacho, Sami Abu-Zahra, Mathew L. Taylor
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

The Santa Ynez Unit (SYU) consists of three offshore platforms and an onshore oil and natural gas processing facility in Goleta, California. The platforms are located between five to nine miles offshore in federal waters. The construction of SYU began in 1976 in the Santa Barbara County in California with the platform Hondo (HO) which, started operations in 1981 to supply the domestic California market.
Picture for Life Extension of Offshore Field in The Santa Barbara Channel 2: Multi-Objective Optimization of Retrofit ICCP Anode Sled Placement Using Calibrated 3D Simulations
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Life Extension of Offshore Field in The Santa Barbara Channel 2: Multi-Objective Optimization of Retrofit ICCP Anode Sled Placement Using Calibrated 3D Simulations

Product Number: 51323-19382-SG
Author: Matthew L. Taylor, Omar Rosas Camacho, Sami Abu-Zahra
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

The life of offshore jacket structures can be extended up to 30 years towards the end of their design life by retrofits. For larger structures, and in unusual cases, semi-remote ICCP anode sleds are a favorable option compared to sacrificial anode cathodic protection (SACP) due to the high current output from each individual installation, reducing the time to install substantially. Anode sled locations are determined based on site plans, experience, survey data, and equations evaluating “remoteness” or “voltage rise” criteria.
Picture for Life Extension of Offshore Field in the Santa Barbara Channel 1: Simultaneous ICCP Retrofit of Three Jacket Platforms
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Life Extension of Offshore Field in the Santa Barbara Channel 1: Simultaneous ICCP Retrofit of Three Jacket Platforms

Product Number: 51323-18978-SG
Author: Sami Abu-Zahra, Omar Rosas-Camacho, Mathew L. Taylor
Publication Date: 2023
$20.00

Three platforms in the Santa Ynez Unit (SYU) field in the Santa Barbara Channel, platforms Heritage (HE), Harmony (HA), and Hondo (HO), were installed between 1979 and 1989, approximately 19 km (12 miles) west of Goleta, California in water depths between 259 m (850 ft) to 365 m (1200 ft). These platforms were previously retrofitted with ICCP sleds which were in decline, requiring additional Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) anode output. Therefore, they were all retrofitted with additional ICCP systems in a single campaign to provide a 25-year life extension.
Picture for Life Cycle Costs For Thermal Spray Zinc Duplex Coatings On Long Lifetime Steel Constructions
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Life Cycle Costs For Thermal Spray Zinc Duplex Coatings On Long Lifetime Steel Constructions

Product Number: 51322-17803-SG
Author: M. Gagné, O.Ø. Knudsen, K. O. Dahle
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Very often the life of a corrosion protection paint coating system will not meet the design life of the steel structure it is supposed to protect. Decisions about coating selection are usually focusing on the costs for the initial construction, ignoring the certain future maintenance costs. The total cost of ownership includes the initial cost plus the maintenance, operating and finance costs over the life of a structure. Repeated maintenance operations, and resulting downtime, can add significantly to the total cost of ownership.
Picture for Life Beyond 80: Can Concrete Degradation’ Synergetic Modes Become Showstoppers?
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Life Beyond 80: Can Concrete Degradation’ Synergetic Modes Become Showstoppers for Light Water Reactors?

Product Number: ED22-17261-SG
Author: Yann Le Pape, Elena Tajuelo Rodriguez, Bethel Amani Cheniour, Mohammed Alnaggar, Paula Bran Anleu, Thomas M. Rosseel, David Arregui Mena, Adam Brooks
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

The US light water reactor (LWR) fleet is a strategic US asset for meeting the demand for clean, sustained, and affordable energy. Extended operations are governed by endogenous (e.g., aging management, operation costs) and exogenous (e.g., natural gas, deployment of advanced nuclear reactors) economic factors but also by technical issues associated with doubling the original 40 year license period. Materials aging includes all critical components of the reactors, such as internals, reactor pressure vessel, cabling, and concrete structures.
Picture for Leveraging Risk Insights For Aging Management At Nuclear Power Plants
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Leveraging Risk Insights For Aging Management At Nuclear Power Plants

Product Number: ED22-17189-SG
Author: Emma Wong, Andrew Mantey, Fernando Ferrante, Jessica Brock, Andrew Burgess, Barry Thurston
Publication Date: 2022
$20.00

Many utilities around the world are pursuing long-term operation (LTO) of their nuclear power plants beyond the initial licensing period. In the United States, the majority of the renewed licenses have allowed the period of operation to be for up to 60 years and a few renewed licenses of up to 80 years of operation, with comparable efforts worldwide. Aging Management Programs (AMPs) are a key element in long-term operation of nuclear power plant and require effective implementation to ensure long-term safety and reliability of vital systems, structures, and components (SSCs). Typically, aging management implementation strategies have been focused on near-term obligations, and these may not be optimal for accomplishing longer-term reliability and sustainability objectives. Therefore, to optimally manage the potential impacts of aging, risk insights can be leveraged using a consistent and sustainable Framework that would focus on high-value actions while reinvesting knowledge and resources. This would allow the implementation of AMPs to enhance and optimize inspection, repair, and mitigation activities.
Picture for Leveraging Physical and Virtual On-Aircraft Sensors to Inform Maintenance Practices
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Leveraging Physical and Virtual On-Aircraft Sensors to Inform Maintenance Practices

Product Number: 51324-20921-SG
Author: Rebecca Skelton Marshall; Dan Christy; Floyd Steele; Fritz Friedersdorf; Sam Kunselman
Publication Date: 2024
$40.00
Time-based inspection and maintenance intervals are a conventional method of corrosion monitoring on aircraft. However, as corrosion processes do not necessarily occur in scheduled events, these conventional maintenance practices can lead to over- or under-estimation of costly inspections. A shift toward evidence-based and data driven predictive maintenance using a combination of on-asset monitoring devices and component-level models could improve efficiency and reduce total ownership costs. In particular, a “virtual sensor”, i.e., a trained model to predict the corrosion at a given location on the aircraft, can be leveraged to optimize the placement of physical real-time monitoring devices. This digital twin process can be applied to determine the corrosion susceptibility of a single aircraft, or to conduct a fleet-wide analysis. In this work, sensing device measurements deployed at varying locations will be used to demonstrate the applicability of severity tracking, through data-driven machine learning models. In particular, models will be trained on environmental parameters and leveraged to predict current (corrosion rate).
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