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Local Hard Zones On TMCP Large Diameter Line Pipes: What Do We Know?

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The current paper deals with a thorough analysis of these newly recognized LHZ with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Electron Back Scattering Diffraction (EBSD) investigations through the wall thickness of pipes. Internal diameter (ID) surface, intermediate zone and bulk metal microstructures showed an increase of a strong misorientation while approaching the ID. Thus, LHZ is characterized by the presence of lath and especially lower bainite type microstructures associated to high local hardness above the NACE MR 0175 / ISO 15156 limits for sour service applications.

Product Number: 51322-17565-SG
Author: Hervé Marchebois, Bruce Cowe, Thierry Cassagne
Publication Date: 2022
Industries: Corrosion Monitoring and Control , Coatings
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The manufacturing and field experience of steel plates used to manufacture line pipes produced by Thermo-mechanically Controlled Processing (TMCP) are well defined in industry standards and literature. Compared to the Quenched & Tempered heat treatment process, TMCP plates are designed with a leaner chemical composition combining micro-alloying elements, precipitation, recrystallization and phase transformation during rolling and accelerated cooling. Technical challenges and process improvements moved older generation TMCP pipes from coarse microstructures and presence of non-metallic inclusions and/or mid-thickness segregation, to finer, homogenized microstructures and improved properties typically present in modern TMCP pipes.

The manufacturing and field experience of steel plates used to manufacture line pipes produced by Thermo-mechanically Controlled Processing (TMCP) are well defined in industry standards and literature. Compared to the Quenched & Tempered heat treatment process, TMCP plates are designed with a leaner chemical composition combining micro-alloying elements, precipitation, recrystallization and phase transformation during rolling and accelerated cooling. Technical challenges and process improvements moved older generation TMCP pipes from coarse microstructures and presence of non-metallic inclusions and/or mid-thickness segregation, to finer, homogenized microstructures and improved properties typically present in modern TMCP pipes.

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Picture for Surface Hard Zone Phenomenon In TMCP Line Pipe For Sour Service: A State Of The Art Review
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Surface Hard Zone Phenomenon In TMCP Line Pipe For Sour Service: A State Of The Art Review

Product Number: 51321-16563-SG
Author: Ali Smith/ Carlo Spinelli
Publication Date: 2021
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Picture for Sulfide Stress Cracking Test of TMCP Pipeline Steels in NACE MR0175 Region 3 Conditions
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Sulfide Stress Cracking Test of TMCP Pipeline Steels in NACE MR0175 Region 3 Conditions

Product Number: 51320-14446-SG
Author: Xin Yue, Weiji Huang, Andrew J. Wasson, Jamey A. Fenske, Timothy D. Anderson, Brian D. Newbury, Doug P. Fairchild
Publication Date: 2020
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Steel pipelines are sometimes subjected to demanding sour environments resulting from the presence of high H2S contents. Pipeline materials, therefore, must be resilient against sulfide stress cracking (SSC) which is caused by H2S. Beginning in the 1980s, thermo-mechanically controlled processed (TMCP) steels have been widely used for the manufacturing of large-diameter sour service pipelines. The failure of the Kashagan pipelines in 2013 raised concern regarding the use of TMCP steels in sour environments. These concerns arise from the potential for local hard zones (LHZs) to be produced on the surface of the line pipe during TMCP processes, ultimately leading to through-wall SSC failures. In the present study, several X60 - X65 TMCP steels (both with and without LHZs) have been tested under different Region 3 (R3) conditions in the NACE MR0175/ISO15156-2 pH-H2S partial pressure diagram. It can be concluded that the presence of LHZs increases TMCP steels’ sour cracking susceptibility; however, TMCP steels without LHZs pass the SSC tests at even the most severe R3 environments. Traditional HRC or HV10 testing are not able to detect LHZs, and so lower load HV 0.5 or HV 0.1 tests are necessary. For TMCP steels, the current R3 may be further divided into R3-a and R3-b sub-regions. The sour cracking severity of R3-a is less than that of R3-b. Additional actions, like enhanced mill qualification of the TMCP plate, should be considered to ensure that no LHZs exist in steels to be utilized in R3-b environments.  
Picture for Mechanical, Microstructural And Corrosion Characterization Of Low Binder Containing WC-Co Grades Using A Binderjet Process
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Mechanical, Microstructural And Corrosion Characterization Of Low Binder Containing WC-Co Grades Using A Binderjet Process

Product Number: 51322-17583-SG
Author: Krutibas Panda, Ed Rusnica, Reece Goldsberry, Jerry Domingue, Paul Prichard, Zhuqing Wang
Publication Date: 2022
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Cemented carbides have been widely used to make parts for wear applications due to the excellent combination of hardness and toughness. Cemented carbides represent a group of composite materials containing hard metal carbides, such as tungsten carbide (WC), bonded by ductile metallic binder agents, such as cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), or iron (Fe).1 By varying WC grain size, weight fraction of metallic binder, and processing parameters, a wider range of microstructure and mechanical properties can be achieved.
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