AMPP Store - Individual Conference Papers

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Long-Term Corrosion Behavior Of Borated Stainless Steel In Simulated Spent Fuel Pool Environment

Product Number: ED22-17318-SG

Author: Daehyeon Park, Yunju Lee, Junhyuk Ham, Seung Chang Yoo, Kiyoung Kim, Donghee Lee, Yongdeog Kim, Ji Hyun Kim

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Most of countries store spent nuclear fuels in pools (SFP) which are built in nuclear power plants. As number of nuclear power plants and corresponding number of spent fuels increased, density in SFP storage rack also increased. In this regard, maintain subcriticality of spent nuclear fuels was raised as an issue and BSS was selected as structural material and neutron absorber for high density storage rack. BSS has better mechanical properties than other neutron absorbers which were fabricated based on aluminum alloys.

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Long-Term Case Studies Of Cathodic Protection Along The Texas Gulf Coast

Product Number: 51322-17734-SG

Author: Stephen W. Foster, Kyle Myers

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Managing aging reinforced concrete infrastructure is a complex and capital-intensive task, particularly in harsh marine and coastal environments. Corrosion from saltwater, coupled with wet and dry cycles, are particularly problematic for long-term durability of reinforced concrete. The Gulf Coast presents a challenge for maintaining service life of concrete structures that are exposed to high levels of chlorides, either by direct contact with salty or brackish water or by indirect contact with salt spray. Chlorides induce corrosion of the steel reinforcement which initiates cracking and spalling of the concrete, reducing the service life of the structure.

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Long-Term Aging Behavior Of Cold-Worked Alloy 690 In Simulated PWR Primary Water

Product Number: ED22-18358-SG

Author: Ziqing Zhai, Matthew J. Olszta, Mychailo B. Toloczko

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Alloy 690 has been utilized since the late 1980s as a replacement for Alloy 600 in pressurized water reactors (PWR) pressure boundary components due to laboratory data indicating higher resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). Although to date no SCC incidents have been reported on Alloy 690 components in service, the growing interest of extending the operation life of PWRs beyond 60 or even 80 years has raised concerns for the potential occurrence of long-range ordering (LRO) in Alloy 690 and its compatible weld metals.

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Long-Lasting Repairs in Salt Flat Environments

Product Number: 51319-13139-SG

Author: Casey Whalen

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Pipeline coatings operating in salt flats have a tremendous responsibility to protect the pipe in a very aggressive environment. When the coating shows a weak spot and fails the carbon steel pipe will corrode until a repair is performed. However many repairs in salt flat regions have seen disbonding or other issues due to high salt concentration. The following paper is an overview of the development and testing of a composite repair system that has been designed to handle these harsh conditions. The results include a one-year field trial in a salt flat environment with no signs of degradation as well as a general summary of the issues seen in salt flat areas. Whether a serious repair is needed or just an aggressive re-coat is wanted it is vital to ensure that the repair lasts a long time.

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Longer Lifecycles with Duplex Stainless Steels and Innovative Concepts of Combining Different Materials

Product Number: 51323-19526-SG

Author: A. Philipp

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Different solutions are provided to the industry to avoid corrosion in demanding environments. It can be
done by optimization of process conditions, coating, and cathodic protection, for example. Another way
is to select material grades like stainless steel, nickel alloys, or zirconium and titanium to improve the
equipment’s lifetime.

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Long Term Structural Integrity Considerations for Abandoned Pipelines

Product Number: 51317--9456-SG

ISBN: 9456 2017 CP

Author: T. J. Prewitt

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This paper presents a technical case study for an assessment approximating the remaining strength of an abandoned pipeline subject to long term corrosion degradation, considering both general metal loss, and randomized pitting and perforation growth.

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Long Term Performance Of Glassflake Reinforced Polyesters - A Case Study After 35 Years Under Offshore Conditions

Product Number: 51322-18125-SG

Author: Anders W. B. Skilbred, Jing Jin, Andreas Løken, Lasse Isaksen

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Offshore wind farms are important contributions to the growing need for the generation of renewable energy. The number of offshore wind farms is growing, and multiple projects are under planning and construction around the world. One key element for a profitable and sustainable operation of offshore wind farms is that the installations are protected with the most cost-effective corrosion protective solution for the entire lifetime of the offshore wind farm. In practice, this means that today’s projects are planned with an estimated lifetime of a minimum of 35 years without major maintenance of the corrosion protective solution. To achieve this it is instrumental that the entire lifetime cost is considered when a corrosion protective solution is selected.

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Long Term (20 Years) In-Service Performance of Concrete ICCP of Marine Wharf Structures in Australia

Product Number: 51320-14510-SG

Author: W. Green, S. Masia, N. Cambourn, J. Katen

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) is one corrosion management approach adopted by the Port of Newcastle (PoN) for their reinforced concrete wharves. The Port’s West Basin 3 wharf, has ICCP systems installed to select substructure concrete elements (beams). The West Basin 3 ICCP system to the front beam soffit section was installed in 1998 (rear beam soffit sections having been protected from 2014). Other ICCP systems have also been installed by the PoN during the period 2002 to 2005 for the West Basin Wharf 4, East Basin (1 & 2) wharves and the Kooragang K2 wharf. This paper provides background to the different ICCP systems utilized and details performance results for the West Basin 3 front beam ICCP system dating back more than 20 years. Monitoring results are presented and discussed. Performance assessment to protection criteria is undertaken and the CP system maintenance requirements are summarized.

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Long Range Ordering In Thermally Treated And Cold-Worked Alloy 690

Product Number: ED22-17251-SG

Author: Daniel Brimbal, Pierre Joly, Claude Benhamou, Cécilie Duhamel, Michael A. Burke, Annie Pagès, Bénédicte Gueraud

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Nickel-chromium alloys may be susceptible to ordering under certain thermal aging conditions, resulting in the formation of an Ni2Cr phase. The Ni2Cr phase is a superlattice which can result in significant changes of the physical or mechanical properties compared to those of the disordered alloy. Alloy 690, which usually contains a bit less than two nickel atoms per chrom-ium atom, could potentially be susceptible to long-range ordering (LRO) or short-range ordering (SRO). SRO implies that a Cr atom has a high probability of having a Ni nearest neighbor and that small order domains containing at most a few atoms exist. LRO implies that small Ni2Cr clusters exist, and although they may not be visible by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) dark field imaging, they lead to the detection of
additional diffraction spots in selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns, contrary to SRO. Below the critical temperature for LRO, the formation of the long-range ordered structures is preceded by a period of short-range ordering.

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Long Life Chloride Affected Concrete Structures – Some Corrosion Mechanistic Considerations

Product Number: 51321-16919-SG

Author: W K Green; J B Katen; D B McDonald

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Long Distance, Long Duration Case Study of Successful Inhibitor Application on a Very Light Hydrocarbon Pipeline

Product Number: 51324-21214-SG

Author: Trevor Place; Tyler Markowski; Jennifer Sargent; Hitesh Bagaria

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The operating mileage of North American pipelines transporting low density, high API gravity hydrocarbon liquids has increased significantly over the past two decades. This trend began in the early 2000’s because of increasing oil sands production in Canada, where light hydrocarbons are used to reduce the viscosity of bitumen to achieve practical ‘heavy oil’ specifications suitable for pipeline transport. The light tight oil boom of the 2010’s continued this trend, as multistage fracking unlocked high API gravity liquids from previously low permeability shale and sandstone formations. While different in origin and composition, light tight oils (LTOs), diluents used for bitumen transportation, and some refined products are similar in terms of density (density 680-800 kg/m3, or API 35-70), viscosity (<1cSt), and steel surface wetting behavior (hydrophilic). In previous works, the use of the NACE TM0172 ‘spindle test’ was demonstrated as an effective screening tool to assess the performance of corrosion inhibitors1 and led to the recommendation of hydrocarbon soluble inhibitors. Digital coupon analysis was used to provide unbiased quantification of results allowing better discrimination of inhibitor performance.2 The authors also provided an exploration of parasitic inhibitor consumption by fluid borne particulate.3 This work completes a decade-long pipeline case history where effective corrosion inhibition was used to solve a myriad of particulate related issues in a long-distance diluent carrying pipeline. Significant learnings about the performance and longevity of inhibitor (successfully applied at only one location of a 2500 km pipeline), the measurement of dissolved and particulate adsorbed inhibitor, the effect of maintenance pigging on the inhibitor film, and unexpected learnings about the ability of the inhibitor to disperse accumulated particulate is presented.

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Long- And Short Term Laboratory Testing Of UNS N06985 For OCTG In Extreme Sour Environments

Product Number: 51322-17966-SG

Author: Wenle He, Charlotte Ulfvin, Per Olsson Artberger

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

UNS N06985 is a nickel-based alloy with additions of Mo, Cu and W. Because of its high strength and high resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC), cold worked UNS N06985 has been extensively used for OCTG (Oil Country Tubular Goods). The SCC initiation has been studied in Cl-H₂S-CO₂ containing sour environments; and the SCC resistance was often evaluated using slow strain rate testing (SSRT) for screening by short-term testing and using tensile or C-ring for verification by long-term autoclave testing exposures¹. UNS N06985 showed high resistance to SCC at high temperatures in elemental sulfur containing environments with moderate chlorides².

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Localized Corrosion Studied Via Interferometry Using Modified Surfaces

Product Number: 51322-17747-SG

Author: Tracey Jackson, Haitao Fang, Jagrut Jani, Johnathon Brooks, Lei Huang

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Corrosion failures in the oil and gas industry are dominated by localized failures in carbon steel; however, the industry has yet to develop standards for localized corrosion specifically for low alloy carbon steels (CS) such as UNS K03014 (API) 5LX65 [X65]) or UNS G10180 (C1018). The reasons for the lack of standardization are understandable as they are not trivial. The challenges are as follows: 1) CS pitting is more complex than pitting on stainless steels (SS) and can be impacted by corrosion byproducts and other forms of scales, and 2) surface finish of a test coupon or electrode has a significant impact on the three phases of pitting: initiation, propagation, and termination.

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Localized corrosion propagation of carbon steel in inhibited environment: a potentiostatic approach

Product Number: 51323-19071-SG

Author: Bernardo Santos, Marc Singer, Maria Serenario, Maalek Mohamed-Said, Xi Wang, Alysson Helton Santos Bueno, David Young

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Localized corrosion is known as the most dangerous and unpredictable corrosion mechanisms found in hydrocarbon production and transmission systems. This mode of corrosion has the potential to cause serious financial loss, environmental damage, production interruption, and even loss of life. Over the years, corrosion engineers have made significant improvements on prediction and mitigation techniques to extend the lifespan of carbon steel pipelines, such as using of corrosion inhibitors; injection of such chemicals has proven to be effective and economic, making them a first choice over other alternatives

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Localized Corrosion on Coating Damaged Surface of Automotive Suspension Coil Springs

Product Number: 51317--9152-SG

ISBN: 9152 2017 CP

Author: Yugo Ashida

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This study focuses on a better understanding of pitting and crevice corrosion on coating surface damaged carbon steels in automotive applications. Immersion and cyclic polarization tests were conducted on bare and coated metals in a 5% NaCl solution.

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Localized Corrosion of UNS S31603 in Aqueous Ammonium Chloride Environments at Elevated Temperatures and Low Dissolved Oxygen

Product Number: 51323-19125-SG

Author: Guru Prasad Sundararajan, Nicholas J. Laycock, Nikhil Amin, Wouter Hamer, Sami Ahmed

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) corrosion is prevalent in the refinery and petrochemical industries and its prediction, monitoring and control has been well documented. In Chemical plants, when NH3 and HCl are present in a gas-mixture and the temperature drops, NH4Cl can desublime. In the presence of water-vapor, NH4Cl desublime within components like heat-exchanger tubes, creating saturated wet salt deposits, causing general and localized corrosion.

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Localized Corrosion of High-Grade Stainless Steels in Chlorinated Seawater

Product Number: 51323-18911-SG

Author: Nicolas Larché, Charles Leballeur, Sandra Le Manchet, Wenle He

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

In natural seawater, microorganisms can fix, grow and develop on practically any surface, including stainless steels, which may cause industrial issues such as microbial induced corrosion, loss of heat transfer efficiency, or undesired colonization from macro-fouling. In particular, the presence of a biofilm on passive alloys such as stainless steels or nickel-based alloys can strongly enhance the cathodic reactions such as reduction of dissolved oxygen, and shift the open-circuit potential (OCP) to the noble direction.This results in an increase in OCP, also called cathodic depolarization or biofilm-induced ennoblement, and affects the risk of localized corrosion, since the critical pitting or crevice potential can be exceeded.

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Localized Corrosion of Aluminum Alloy 5052 for Desalination Service

Product Number: 51317--9151-SG

ISBN: 9151 2017 CP

Author: Mariano Kappes

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Seawater desalination with waste heat from nuclear or fossil power plants is an attractive alternative for the production of potable water.1 Multi-effect desalination process (MED) relies on the evaporation of water from a thin film of seawater.2 The heat of condensation is used in the evaporation of water from a subsequent film of seawater.

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Localized Corrosion Managing Clamp in a Crevice Between Clamp and CRAs Pipe/Tube Line

Product Number: 51317--9281-SG

ISBN: 9281 2017 CP

Author: Byoung Young Yoon

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

To support installed tube lines, plastic clamp systems (which cause a high risk of corrosion failure of the pipe and tube) have been widely used. Crevice corrosion resistance of such was investigated based on the standard test methods. Characteristics were analyzed and operational life time estimated.

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Localized Corrosion Management For Thermally Insulated Systems Via Insulation Stand-Offs And Low Point Drains

Product Number: 51322-17585-SG

Author: Ahmad Raza Khan Rana, Graham Brigham, Omar Chaar, George Jarjoura

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Corrosion under thermal insulations namely CUI (Corrosion under insulation) is a key degradation process in hydrocarbon facilities which poses asset integrity risks. 1 CUI is reported as the reason behind 40-60% of failures of the process piping in a typical oil refining facility. Speaking smaller-sized process piping (i.e., NPS < 4”), up to 81% of reported failures are known to result from CUI. 2 Monetary spending to inspect and fix CUI-related failures cost 10% of overall maintenance budget in a typical medium-sized oil refinery. 2 CUI risk is influenced by numerous operational and environmental factors which impedes its management in a typical AIM (Asset integrity management) program. The

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Localized Corrosion Limit of Use of S13%Cr (UNS S41427) Connector in Converted Injection Treated Seawater Well

Product Number: 51324-20714-SG

Author: Nicolas Larché; Marianne Kleive; Charles Leballeur; Eva Malmanger

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Many systems can be converted and used for different applications not initially planned. This is the case for production wells, sometimes converted into water injection wells and for which the production tubing material selection is clearly not adapted for prolonged contact with natural seawater. Oxygen removal treatment must be applied but precise control is not obvious and excursions above zero or close-to-zero oxygen can occur. The production tubing material S13%Cr are known to be sensitive to dissolved oxygen excursions in seawater, but data from the literature cannot precisely help in defining the allowed limits of use. Exploring the possibility to convert a production well into a treated seawater injection well then requires a careful assessment of the corrosion resistance limits of the involved alloys. A series of corrosion tests in treated seawater were designed to assess the limits of use of fast connector made of alloy UNS S41427. The corrosion tests were performed both at laboratory scale and on full-scale fast connectors in a treated seawater flow loops simulating service conditions. For all the performed tests, maintaining the dissolved oxygen content (DOC) at 15 ppb and below never led to localized corrosion and has been considered as a safe condition in terms of corrosion risk for alloy S41427 at ambient temperature. It was found that prolonged dissolved oxygen content (DOC) above 30±10 ppb may lead to initial crevice corrosion after only 4 h of exposure. Globally, a very good correlation between the laboratory and the full-scale test results was found. The critical crevice potential for alloy S41427 was significantly affected by the cleaning process of the tested coupons, while the stop of the corrosion was always measured for potentials reached at DOC < 10 ppb. The proposed methodology, involving both laboratory and full-scale tests, allowed to precisely quantify the limits of use of UNS S41427 in treated injection well. It could be used for any other material and applications to help at designing adapted and reliable engineering diagrams for material selections.

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Localized Corrosion Behavior of Lean Duplex Stainless Steels in Chloride Containing Synthetic Tap Water

Product Number: 51319-13280-SG

Author: Sang Won Cho

Publication Date: 2019

$20.00

Duplex stainless steel (DSS) is a material in the issue as it’s very excellent in corrosion resistance mechanical properties weldability in various environments as compared with common materials. Due to these characteristics DSS is applied to various industries such as petrochemical facilities offshore structures power plants etc. However since duplex stainless steel is expensive it has a limitation that it is difficult to apply it to equipment that needs to be replaced periodically. Compared to DSS lean duplex stainless steel (LDSS) has good formability and corrosion resistance while the reduced content of nickel molybdenum is superior in terms of economics. Therefore LDSS can be economically efficiently maintained and managed by applying it to equipment requiring periodic replacement such as a plate or a tube of a heat exchanger.At present in the district heating system a plate heat exchangers of austenitic SS material are installed and it is always exposed to chloride containing environments. Generally failures of the plate heat exchanger are occurred by the tap water of user side and it is mainly broken due to crevice induced corrosion cracking between the gasket and the heat exchanger pitting etc. As a result researches on localized corrosion of austenitic SS and DSS are actively underway in chloride containing environments. Whereas there are few researches on the localized corrosion behavior of LDSS in these environments. Therefore in this study we would like to evaluate the localized corrosion behavior of LDSS in the chloride containing synthetic tap water at 60 ℃ which is the operating condition of plate heat exchanger for district heating system.

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Localized Corrosion Behavior of Ferritic and Austenitic Passive Materials

Product Number: 51317--9042-SG

ISBN: 9042 2017 CP

Author: Raul Rebak

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This paper shows results comparing the localized corrosion resistance of seven martensitic, ferritic and austenitic stainless steels in deaerated 10,000 ppm Cl- solution at ambient temperature.

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Localized and Generalized Corrosion Evaluation of S13CR in Shale Oil & Gas Production Conditions

Product Number: 51324-21106-SG

Author: Merlin C. E. Bandeira; Felipe S. Assunção; Pedro Filgueiras; Kevin Schleiss; Rogaciano M. Moreira

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

To understand the performance of S13CR on shale gas field, the ability of oxide layer to repassivate on erosion environment was investigated by means of electrochemical and rotating cage tests at 300 bar of total pressure with 10 bar of CO2, 1.2 mbar of H2S partial pressure with balance of nitrogen; sand particles concentration of 50g/L, 26% NaCl, stir velocity of 1,000 RPM and temperature of 115°C. Based on the results, it was observed stable potential (LPR) under erosion condition (with sand) when compared to reference test (without sand). Despite the huge amount of sand and the high rotation speed of the cage, the cyclic potentiodynamic polarization of S13CR on erosion test is quite similar to the reference test. Localized corrosion induced by erosional attack, investigated by RC tests, was not observed and the corrosion rate were similar in both conditions. Laboratory test results corroborate field caliper inspection after 12 months in service where the highest penetration was 9% of wall thickness, therefore below the API 5CRA recommendation of 12.5%. The penetration rates of laboratory test and field inspection were 0.2 and 0.5 mm/y, respectively.

Individual Conference Papers

Association for Materials Protection and Performance