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Metal corrosion associated with the growth and reproduction of microorganisms is known as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). MIC causes damage to metal surfaces in several water-based industries including drinking water distribution, cooling water equipment, sewage treatment, underground pipes, bilges, piping, and tanks of maritime vessels. MIC is extensively seen in the oil and gas industry.
The automated device adapts an established enzyme assay bacteria bioburden determination manual method to an automated device. Water supplied to the device is collected and filtered to capture planktonic bacteria and particle-associated bacteria (PAB’s). The filter is subsequently saturated with a fluorescent-labelled enzyme substrate which reacts with a naturally occurring enzyme activity in living bacteria. A fluorescent compound is released and after extraction, the fluorescence is measured with a fluorometer. The enzyme activity is adjusted for temperature, reaction time and sample volume according to a supplier algorithm and used as a proxy for the bacterial bioburden in a water sample. The device supports remote data collection and remote operation and can process up to twelve samples in 24 hours. The study demonstrates that results from the manual method and automated device are very similar. The study also demonstrated good reproducibility between multiple devices. Installation and long-term operation of the device were also demonstrated on different water types, a with high medium and low biological loads. While more testing and validation are needed, the device proved to be reliable and repeatable for clear seawater and potable water applications producing results as fast as 12 samples in 24 hours while needing regular maintenance to replace analysis chemistry after every 50-analysis run.
The life of corrosion protection coating systems very often will not meet the design life of the steel structures they are supposed to protect. Decisions about corrosion protection coating selection are usually focusing on the costs for the initial application, ignoring the certain future maintenance costs. However, repeated maintenance operations, and resulting downtime, can add significantly to the total cost of ownership.
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Oil and gas operations are pushing the limits of Sour Service always further with the need to combine high Sulfide Stress Cracking resistance (SSC) in H2S partial pressure while keeping high levels for Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS). Operators are indeed entering into new drilling challenges when targeting complex well formations where production casings could be exposed to Sour Service environment and tubing completions to increased differential pressure. Having high levels for Specified Minimum Yield Strength (SMYS) paves the way for addressing Multi-Stage Fracturing (MSF) developments that reach pressure differentials as high as 15,000psi during fracturing operations in challenging environments with minimum intervention possibilities.
UNS N07718 (Alloy 718) is a precipitation-hardened Nickel alloy widely used for various components in oil and gas production service where a combination of high strength, good cracking and corrosion resistance is needed. API 6ACRA provides heat treatment windows and acceptance criteria for wrought Alloy 718 in these oil and gas production environments, in which the heat treatment is intended to obtain high strength desired for applications in combination with good environmental performance.
Additive Manufacturing (AM) is increasingly becoming a source of design, fabrication of complex components where machining from wrought material would be very cumbersome or introduced complicated welding processes.