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With the rapid economic development and the dramatic population growth, the demand on clean energy is continuously increasing.1 Due to the depletion of conventional crude oil reserves, the unconventional oil resources such as oil sands become more attractive.2 Canada has a total estimated oil sands reserves of 161.4 billion barrels by the end of 2020, accounting for 9.3% of the global reserves.3 The bitumen in the oil sands is extracted and transported through pipelines to the refineries with refining capabilities in Canada and the United States where the raw bitumen is processed to produce marketable synthetic crude oil (SCO). The proposed TransCanada system planned to connect the Alberta bituminous oil sands to the refineries as far as in Texas.4
Oil sands bitumen is partially upgraded to facilitate the pipeline transportation with environmental and economic benefits. In this work, the corrosion performance of a candidate constructional material for partial upgrading, UNS S31603, was evaluated under the environments of cyclic thermal cracking of bitumen at 360 and 400 °C. Sample coupons were exposed to gas phase and liquid phase to simulate the constructional materials for distillation tower and partial upgrader, respectively. At both temperatures, the samples are not susceptible to gas phase corrosion but liquid phase corrosion. Advanced microscopy techniques and the grazing incidence X-ray diffraction were used to examine the corrosion products. Sulfidation appears to be the major corrosion mechanism under the thermal cracking of oilsands bitumen.
In 1950s, as an important measure to improve the corrosion resistance of base metal, internal coating pipes was first applied to sour crude oil and natural gas pipelines [1]. Among the coating systems, FBE coating has good impact resistance, bending resistance, high bonding strength, good resistance for acid, alkali, salt, oil and water fluid. The coating can reduce the internal surface roughness friction resistance of piping & pipeline to reduce project investment.
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This paper shares experiences and challenges of corrosion risk assessment in the down-stream petroleum industries and simplify ways of managing corrosion through effective corrosion assessment regime.
At present, there were ten common crossing modes in long-distance oil and gas pipelines[1,2]. There were six ways of tunneling, such as large excavation, horizontal directional drilling, shield tunnel, drilling and blasting tunnel, ramming pipe and pipe jacking. There were four ways of spanning methods, such as truss crossing, arch bridge crossing, suspension cable crossing and cable-stayed bridge crossing. Crossing by shield tunneling, as a pipeline laying method with high mechanization and automation, extensive applicable strata and high safety, has been widely used in recent years.