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With the rapid economic development and the dramatic population growth, the demand on clean energy is continuously increasing.1 Due to the depletion of conventional crude oil reserves, the unconventional oil resources such as oil sands become more attractive.2 Canada has a total estimated oil sands reserves of 161.4 billion barrels by the end of 2020, accounting for 9.3% of the global reserves.3 The bitumen in the oil sands is extracted and transported through pipelines to the refineries with refining capabilities in Canada and the United States where the raw bitumen is processed to produce marketable synthetic crude oil (SCO). The proposed TransCanada system planned to connect the Alberta bituminous oil sands to the refineries as far as in Texas.4
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In spite of the current focus on promoting renewable energy, oil and gas will still remain the largest energy source to support energy demand by 2050. As the world’s 4th largest crude oil producer and 3rd exporter, Canada produces 4.97 MMb/d of crude oil as of 2020. As the depletion of conventional crude oil reserve, more efforts have been taken to economically exploit the unconventional resources including oilsands bitumen.