AMPP Store - Conference Papers

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Crevice Corrosion Performance of High Grade Stainless Steels and Ni-Based Alloys in Natural And Treated Seawater

Product Number: 51316-7196-SG

ISBN: 7196 2016 CP

Author: Dominique Thierry

Publication Date: 2016

$20.00

To better understand and quantify the effect of crevice geometry, several crevice configurations simulating service conditions were evaluated including flanges assembled with gaskets, bolts mounted with nuts to plates, and the standard CREVCORR-type crevice formers.

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Crevice Crrosion of Copper as an Engineering Barrier of High-level Radioactive Waste Containers

Product Number: 51317--9162-SG

ISBN: 9162 2017 CP

Author: Maite Ochoa

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This work is aimed at determining the viability of oxygen-free copper as an engineering barrier of high-level radioactive waste containers.

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Critical Factors Affecting the Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Additively Manufactured Ni-based Alloy in Chloride Containing Environments

Product Number: 51317--9345-SG

ISBN: 9345 2017 CP

Author: Helmuth Sarmiento Klapper

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Additive manufacturing can manufacture components that were previously impossible - without compromising strength, ductility and corrosion resistance. The pitting corrosion resistance of a selective laser melted Nickel alloy has been evaluated by electrochemical methods.

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Critical Review of International Standards on Soluble Salts Measurement Methods

Product Number: 51324-20851-SG

Author: Sophia Xiaoxia Zhu; Benjamin T. A. Chang

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

It is well known that the residual salts on steel substrates have detrimental effects on the coating performance. There are several international standards on the measurement of residual salts. The most widely recognized ones are ISO 8502-6 and 8502-9. ISO 8502-6 specifies the soluble salts extraction procedures and ISO 8502-9 specifies the calculation of the soluble NaCl salt. The standards use 3 ml deionized (DI) water in 10 minutes dwell time to extract the soluble salts to measure with a potable conductivity meter. The measured conductivity reading in µS/cm is multiplied by 1.2 to convert into total (NaCl) salts in mg/m2. The ISO standards assume the extracted salt solution containing only Na+ and Cl- ions and use a simple analytical calculation to convert the conductivity to the total NaCl salt concentration on the contaminated steel surface. In fact, in addition to Na+ and Cl- ions, Fe+2, OH- ions are also in the extracted salt solution contributing to the conductivity reading, but not considered in the total salt calculation. The ISO standards on the total (NaCl) salt measurement are oversimplified that leads to inaccurate estimation of the residual salts. The chloride ions in aqueous condition can cause micro-pits on the carbon steel surface. The pit density and depth are related to the salt levels and corrosion reaction time. During the salt measurement, the DI water can not readily migrate to the micro-pits to extract salts, and the salt extraction efficiency depends on the corrosion severity. In this work we have investigated the salt extraction on doped salted steel panels with five known amounts of NaCl salt. We also used a chloride electrode to measure the chloride ion concentration. The test results showed that the salt extraction efficiency depends on the severity of the pitting corrosion. Based on the chloride level, the extraction efficiency is 90% at low salt content and 50-66% at higher salt content on the grit blasted panels using Bresle patch method. It is recommended to use the residual chloride concentration in the coating specifications as the acceptance criterion, not the total NaCl salt level. More research is to be done to investigate the residual chloride measurements to give the international coating community a more reliable test method in the field.

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Critical Review of ISO 12944-9 and AMPP TM21612 Coating Qualification Standards Using Field Data to Compare

Product Number: 51324-20751-SG

Author: Andy Bodington; Arturo Ruiz-Aparicio; Colin Murdoch; Benjamin T. A. Chang

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The most widely accepted international standards for the prequalification of offshore coatings are ISO 12944-9 and AMPP TM21612. The two laboratory test standards are trying to simulate the offshore service conditions, but the offshore regions around the world are in quite different environmental conditions which may be more or less severe than the laboratory test conditions. Thus, it is very likely to see poor correlation between the laboratory and the field results. However, it is essential that a reliable test standard duplicates the field major failure modes and generates a correct performance ranking among candidate coating systems. Therefore, facility owners can comfortably select proper coating systems and coating manufacturers can be guided to improve their coating formulations. Field exposure testing of three commercial coating systems applied on panels and placed in three different locations across the world was conducted. Testing of these same three commercial coating systems was also conducted in the laboratory using AMPP TM21612. Comparison testing was also done to compare the failure modes and rust creepage rates of constant salt fog testing (used in ASTM B117, and in one of the cycles in ISO 12944-9) versus wet/dry cyclic salt fog testing (used in one of the cycles in AMPP TM21612). In this paper a comparison is made between the test methods of these standards and correlation with the field test results.

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Critical Review on Sulphide Scale Formation, Removal and Inhibition

Product Number: 51320-14731-SG

Author: Bader Al-Harbi, Norah Aljeaban, Alexander Graham, Ken Sorbie

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Sulphide scales, namely iron sulphide (FeS), zinc sulphide (ZnS) and lead sulphide (PbS), are increasingly being encountered in gas/oil wells. These scales can present serious safety concerns, impair well productivity and limit access to downhole tools. There are many published research studies addressing sulphide scale removal and inhibition. However, there is an incomplete understanding of the governing processes of sulphide scale formation and prevention. Furthermore, there are contradictory results in the literature on issues such as the removal procedures and inhibition tests for sulphide scales. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to critically review the published work on sulphide scale formation, removal and inhibition, to address the factors that control them and to discuss some of the apparent discrepancies in published experimental studies.
The review discusses the formation mechanisms of different sulphide scales in relation to the sources and levels of Fe, Zn, Pb and the sulphide species. The experimental procedures used by different researchers to evaluate sulphide scale dissolvers and inhibitors are described, along with the performance results for the chemistries tested to remove or prevent sulphide scales.
Hydrochloric acid has been shown to outperform rival chemistries for dissolving sulphide scales, however the associated high corrosion rate and H2S generation has necessitated the development of other dissolvers to overcome such drawbacks. Several dissolvers based on chelating agent chemistries combined with catalysts provided high dissolution rates, and the dissolution results and the reaction mechanisms will be discussed in some detail.

Multiple factors have been shown to play a significant role in the inhibition efficiency of sulphide scale inhibitors including pH, salinity, temperature, scale formation sequence and mechanism, and the initial concentrations of sulphide species and scaling metals. In addition, there is a developing understanding of the significance of scale inhibitor consumption in these systems.
Understanding the formation mechanism is essential for accurate interpretation of scale-related issues in the field and for providing the correct treatment strategy. A more complete knowledge of these issues will lead to the further development of reliable procedures for generating dissolution and inhibition results and consequently improving the scale dissolver and inhibitor chemistries themselves.

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Cross-Linking Performance to Mechanism: Correlation of lining performance in flue gas desulfurization applications to cure mechanism

Product Number: 41212-703-SG

Author: Andrew Recker

Publication Date: 2012

$20.00

Some of the toughest environments for protective coatings to withstand are seen in the power industry, particularly within the flue gas desulfurization (FGD) process. Temperatures within the different areas throughout the system may reach 350-450°F (177-232°C) and then be cooled to ambient temperatures upon shutdown of the unit.

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Cryogenic Spillage Protection (CSP) on FLNG: Improving Safety Through Standardization

Product Number: 51317--8968-SG

ISBN: 8968 2017 CP

Author: Sebastien Viale

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

Planned operation of natural gas liquefaction units offshore has raised new safety concerns. Technip has run a physical test program to investigate performances of insulation materials as well as developing a test method.

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CUI Assessment Near Insulation Support Rings Using Pulsed Eddy Currents

Product Number: 51323-19031-SG

Author: Donald Picard, Olivier Bellavance, Charles Tremblay, Andréanne Potvin

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Pulsed Eddy Currents (PEC) is an electromagnetic inspection method for detecting thickness variations in carbon steel and cast iron through various insulation and/or protective components. It is also resilient to liftoff variations, making it a valuable technique for Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI) assessment. The technology is widely used in the energy and petrochemical industries to detect and estimate the extent of corrosion in insulated or fire-proofed components like pipes and tanks without removing the covering.

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CUI Monitoring for Cold Duty Insulation, Evaluation and Use Cases

Product Number: MECC23-20256-SG

Author: P. Sharma; A. Meshaikhis; C. Ennaceur; F. Al-Abbas; L. Seong Teh; R. Drummond; Z. Al-Ashwan

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

CUI is a significant form of corrosion in industrial plants that demands substantial financial resources and attention. Many assets are insulated for various purposes such as heat conservation (operating temperature above 93°C), cold conservation (operating temperature below 10°C), thermal protection (typically above 60°C), process stabilization, and winterizing.

Insulation is also utilized for sound control, condensation control, freeze protection (e.g., heat tracing), and fire protection.

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Curing Temperature Effects on Standard Cure Epoxies and low Temperature Cure Epoxies

Product Number: 41207-349-SG

Author: David S. Leyland, Cindy O’Malley

Publication Date: 2007

$20.00

This paper examines the effect that curing temperature has on the physical characteristics and performance of standard cure polyamide epoxies as compared low temperature cure epoxies.

Available for download

Current Industry Practice in Carbon Capture Corrosion, and the Knowledge Gap it Produces

Product Number: 51323-19539-SG

Author: Mark McLeod, Ivan Gutierrez, Brad Healey, Tundzhay Kurtulan

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Vital work is being carried out across engineering to ensure the net-zero commitments as laid out in the Paris agreement are met. Due to increased government investment, carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) has become key to achieving these commitments, with some industries only able to decarbonise through CCUS, such as concrete or fertiliser production. Carbon capture has also moved away from vertically integrated systems, with single emitters having dedicated downstream transport and storage sites, to larger systems gathering CO2 with a shared transport and storage infrastructure.

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Individual Conference Papers

Crevice Corrosion Performance of High Grade Stainless Steels and Ni-Based Alloys in Natural And Treated Seawater

Crevice Crrosion of Copper as an Engineering Barrier of High-level Radioactive Waste Containers

Critical Factors Affecting the Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Additively Manufactured Ni-based Alloy in Chloride Containing Environments

Critical Review of International Standards on Soluble Salts Measurement Methods

Critical Review of ISO 12944-9 and AMPP TM21612 Coating Qualification Standards Using Field Data to Compare

Critical Review on Sulphide Scale Formation, Removal and Inhibition

Cross-Linking Performance to Mechanism: Correlation of lining performance in flue gas desulfurization applications to cure mechanism

Cryogenic Spillage Protection (CSP) on FLNG: Improving Safety Through Standardization

CUI Assessment Near Insulation Support Rings Using Pulsed Eddy Currents

CUI Monitoring for Cold Duty Insulation, Evaluation and Use Cases

Curing Temperature Effects on Standard Cure Epoxies and low Temperature Cure Epoxies

Current Industry Practice in Carbon Capture Corrosion, and the Knowledge Gap it Produces

Association for Materials Protection and Performance