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The nature and rate of corrosion of a metal depend upon –among other factors- the corrosivity of the environment to which it is exposed. The corrosivity category is a technical characteristic that provides a basis for the selection of materials and protective measures in different environments subject to the demands of the specific application, particularly concerning service life. Data on the corrosivity of the atmosphere is essential for the development and specification of optimized corrosion protection for manufactured products.
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There is a sizable push for making more sustainable, renewable, and environmentally friendly fuels. One such example is the recent emphasis on manufacturing biofuels in the form of biodiesel or bio-oil. While ethanol is also considered a biofuel and likely the most widely used it will not be a focus of this discussion.
Kuwait is among the ten top oil producing countries in the world. The state run Kuwait Oil Company produces crude oil through more than 5000 wells spread across the company’s South-East, North and West Kuwait asset areas. The crude oil produced along with saline water and gases (carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide & hydrocarbon gas) is received at manifold headers at Gathering Centers (GC).
Biocorrosion causes huge economic losses to the oil and gas industry.
Uncontrolled microbial growth in oilfield systems leads to costly problems such as fouling, plugging,corrosion and souring. It also directly impacts the safe operation, economic performance andenvironmental compliance in all areas of production, transportation, refining and distribution. To reducethe damaging effect of microbial growth; the oil industry typically uses a variety of toxic organic andinorganic chemicals (biocides) to treat affected systems
A biofuel can be described as any fuel where bio-based renewables like oils and fats, organic waste, crops like corn or sugar cane, and algae, etc., are used as precursor feedstocks.
Increasingly, the production of biofuels from biomass is very much part of a global impetus for an energy transition to a “carbon neutral” world. The goal is to reduce the carbon footprint and ensure that sustainable energy from bio-based feedstocks realistically lowers reliance on energy produced from fossil fuels.
Creep is a continuous degradation of metal under applied stress at high temperature with critical factors of temperature, stress, type of material and exposure time. Most of our steam boilers and fired heaters tubes are operating within or sometimes operated slightly above the creep threshold temperature with an inherent potential risk of stress rupture if not being monitored properly. Traditionally, degradation rates (i.e., creep damage) of these components can only be assessed during shutdown through non-destructive testing (NDT) to determine the metallurgical conditions upon exposure to elevated temperatures.
In the production of oil and gas, corrosion inhibitor (CI) is usually dosed into multiphase flows (oil/water/gas). The partitioning behavior of CI among the different phases is a critical factor for a successful application. Unreliable measurement of CI residuals can lead to inaccurate dosing, overtreatment, and higher operating costs.
Zinc Tidal CP jackets have been utilized to protect the splash zone of steel reinforced concrete piles against aggressive corrosion due to seawater exposure since the mid 1990’s. Galvanic CP jackets are installed on piles in the splash zone and provide galvanic current to the jacketed areas (Figure 1). The submerged portion of the pile that extends below the jacket is always exposed to seawater.
Fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) coated pipelines are extensively used throughout the world for transportation of various types of fluids and gases1. New and unused FBE coated pipes often end up being stockpiled in open yards for various reasons such as delay in start of a project, excess inventory etc. Outdoor exposure for long durations results in the physical and chemical degradation of the coating. This happens due to the interaction of the oxygen and moisture in the air, and the ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun which causes photo-oxidative degradation of the polymer in the coating.
Pipelines have been considered one of the safest methods of transporting energy from one place to another. This is achieved through a systematically planned, documented, and comprehensive pipeline integrity management (PIM) program. PIM covers areas such as engineering, operations, inspections and maintenance, health and safety, and environment protection.
Pipeline corrosion may result from alternating current (AC) interferences from various sources, for example, high voltage AC (HVAC) transmission lines collocated with pipelines. AC mitigation is necessary to minimize corrosion risk, as well as personnel hazard, if intensity of AC interferences, normally characterized as AC induced voltage and current density, exceeds certain thresholds. Field readings of AC induced voltage and AC current density obtained from test points along a pipeline are often regarded as indicators of such risks.