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Recently, Countries around the world are taking steps to reduce carbon, which is considered a major cause of environmental pollution and the hydrogen market, an eco-friendly energy, is growing rapidly. Major countries such as the United States, Japan and the European Union (EU) are strengthening policies for the use of hydrogen energy and hydrogen-related projects in various fields, from materials to chemistry, energy and mobility, are being actively carried out. In order to use hydrogen energy, it is the most efficient and currently the most reasonable method to transport the produced hydrogen as high-pressure gas through a pipeline.
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Coatings have been used as a primary method to protect the substrate underneath from corrosion in various geographical environments. A diverse range of generic coating types are available to protect the metals in different corrosive environments. Selection of the right coating for a specific metallic substrate at given operating conditions and environment is key to avoiding any premature failures of coating.
HFW pipes is considered a cost-effective pipe option for oil and gas pipeline projects. The HFW seam performance is always a concern, especially in challenging environments such as low temperature applications and wet sour services. One of the challenges include the seam properties to resist sulfide stress cracking (SSC) or hydrogen embrittlement (HE) when exposed to hydrogen charging environment such as a wet sour service.
There is no doubt that Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) of steel reinforced concrete has, over the last decades, become a well-established technique for controlling reinforcement corrosion of structural elements. The expectation of long-life protection has, however, been somewhat reduced as some anode systems fail, monitoring equipment become antiquated, and lack of adequate maintenance makes the systems inoperable with the average service life of any ICCP system falling to 15-20 years.
When a pipeline is co-located with an AC powerline, it is subject to AC interference effects. These AC interference effects can result in safety hazards to operating personnel and the public under powerline steady-state (normal operation) and fault (short-circuit) conditions.
A new building was under construction for a hospital campus for specialized treatment. For logistical reasons, a multi-million dollar piece of medical equipment was placed in one room prior to completion of construction. A pedestal is installed on the floor and houses copper gas tubing and electrical connections for the equipment.
To properly protect workers from skin-contact burns in compliance with U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines, it is imperative that the coating provides the proper system barrier and prevents heat transmission that could cause irreversible tissue damage. For passive heated surfaces, ASTM C1055 (Standard Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact Burn Injuries), (1) and ASTM C1057 (Standard Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model and Thermethesiometer) provide the standard procedure to test a coatings ability to prevent serious burn injuries and provides the skin temperature limits that human tissue endures before irreversible harm (Figure 1). There are two primary methods used to comply with these OSHA guidelines for workers who may come into contact with pipe and tank surfaces.
Oil and gas transportation pipelines are often prone to internal corrosion in service environments. Two main strategies used to combat the problem of internal corrosion in pipelines involve the use of corrosion inhibitors (CIs) and more corrosion resistant alloys. Corrosion mitigation using inhibitors is a favorable choice because of better economic feasibility.
During the rebuilding after hurricane Katrina hit the Gulf Coast in 2005, construction inspectors in coastal areas began noticing that the galvanized connectors being used were already rusting before the framing was complete. These were the same connectors, such as hurricane straps, joist hangers, beam hangers, and hurricane ties, which are easily seen beneath the elevated houses along the shoreline. Even on the construction projects that specified stainless steel connectors, inspectors could see tarnishing before the framing was complete.
Many assets utilized for the processing, storage, and transportation of products are owned by companies operating in the petrochemical sector. Components such as pipelines, pressure vessels, and aboveground storage tanks (AST) are examples of assets. Because of their complexity and the number of components they include, these assets need to be inspected and subjected to nondestructive testing (NDT) at regular intervals.
In the oil and gas industry, solid metal equipment such as pipelines, pressure vessels, heat exchangers and valves are susceptible to surface cracks and discontinuities attributed to cyclic loading, process environment and severe operating conditions. These anomalies affect the safety, structural functionality, reliability, integrity and life cycle of the equipment. They could lead to catastrophic incidents if not detected timely, evaluated, monitored and properly repaired.
Corrosion of aircraft costs the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) billions of dollars annually, increases demand on labor, degrades operational readiness, and is a safety issue. Coatings are the most effective means of protection from corrosion, but with time, mechanical and environmental stresses will degrade and eventually breach the coating. For a pristine structure, the coating system reacts primarily to dynamic moisture, temperature, and mechanical loads that can vary over multiple time scales.