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Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is one of the key technologies to achieve the net-zero emission. One of the CCUS method is CO2 injection to depleted oil and gas wells or aquifers and storage (CCS). The CO2 emitted from fossil fuel-based powers and industrial plants are captured and transported to the injection point by ships or pipe line. Following that, the dense phase or supercritical phase CO2 will be injected to depleted oil and gas wells or aquifers through oil country tubular goods, for examples, seamless pipe.
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Nga Awa Purua geothermal power station (NAP) operates a conventional direct contact condenser with recirculating cooling water and forced air cooling towers. The power station is located at the Rotokawa Geothermal field, near Taupō in the North Island of New Zealand. The field supports two power stations: NAP, which was commissioned in 2010 with an installed capacity of 140 MW; and Rotokawa I, a binary power plant which has been in operation since 1997.
Pipelines have been the main transportation pattern of oil and gas because of their safety and economy, which are considered as the lifeline of offshore oil and gas transportation. With the booming development of offshore oil industry, the frequency of pipeline leakage is also increasing. Corrosion is one of the important factors due to some characteristics such as operating environment, service life and transportation medium, etc., which damages the integrity of the pipeline and damage the normal operation of pipelines. Furthermore, leakage accidents caused by pipeline corrosion have occurred all over the world, accounting for 70~90% of total accidents, which has caused huge economy losses and catastrophic environmental damage.
Biofuels are renewable energy resources to replace fossil fuels since the latter are depleting and their application lead to serious environmental impacts.1 Fast pyrolysis is an industrial approach to convert a larger amount of raw biomass into bio-oils in a timely fashion. However, their poor qualities, such as low thermal stability, high water and acid contents, and low heating value, make them not ready f to be as transportation fuels directly.2,3 Moreover, their high water content and acidity can introduce corrosion concern during handling, storage , transportation and upgrading.4
With growing concern for global warming resulting from fossil fuel usage, the use of nuclear energy has provided a cleaner alternative to power generation. Radioactive fuel such as Uranium Oxide has gained significant usage today. Almost 20% of the electricity generated in the US comes from nuclear energy.
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a term that is used to describe a family of processes that adds material in a controlled way to produce a structure or product. It has been used for many years for polymeric materials and its origin can be traced to Japan in the early 1980’s. The industrial use of AM polymeric products, then commonly introduced as stereolithography, got its start from an invention using a computer-controlled laser beam to harden a liquid polymer by Charles Hull in 1983.
Hot dilute acidic pre-hydrolysis biorefining is a pre-treatment technology recently developed for converting raw biomass materials into sugar streams and other valuable intermediate chemicals at elevated temperatures. However, corrosion database of steels and alloys in hot dilute acidic solutions are very limited, resulting in the cost-effective selection of materials of construction difficult. Corrosion studies were thus performed to identify suitable alloys of construction and advance the understanding of how alloying elements (e.g., Cr and Mo) present in steels and alloys affect the formation and properties of surface oxides. In this paper, the corrosion performance of three alloys (UNS S31603, UNS S32101 and UNS N06625) in hot dilute sulfuric acids are introduced. The alloys exhibited active general corrosion and even pitting in the hot acidic solutions. Alloy 625 has better resistance to the hot dilute acid compared to SS 316L and duplex 2101. This may be attributed to the higher contents of Mo in the alloy. Long-term tests indicate that their corrosion rates are gradually increased with time. The introduction of 100 ppm Cl- from raw biomass feedstocks into the acid solution only has marginal effect on corrosion.
The corrosion modes and extents of three candidate alloys (UNS S31603, UNS S31000 and UNS N06625) was investigated under simulated hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) conditions. The effect of alkaline catalysts (K2CO3), operating pressure and flow rate on corrosion was also examined. Results indicated that the three alloys underwent general oxidation in hot pressurized water, of which SS 316 exhibited worse corrosion resistance compared to SS 310 and Alloy 625. The addition of K2CO3 resulted in a significant increase in the corrosion rates of the alloys, likely due to the formation of soluble metal hydroxides in basic environment. Environmental loop tests showed that higher operating pressure led to a marginal increase in the corrosion rates of SS 310 and Alloy 625. Increasing flow rate from 9 to 15 had no noticeable effect on the corrosion rates of the alloys in hot pressurized water at 310 C and 10 MPa.
Differences between temperate and tropical sites in terms of electrochemical behavior (e.g. open-circuit potential and cathodic current for oxygen reduction). One difference is critical temperature for biofilm ennoblement. Results are discussed in terms of risk for crevice corrosion for stainless steels in tropical seas.
Vital work is being carried out across engineering to ensure the net-zero commitments as laid out in the Paris agreement are met. Due to increased government investment, carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) has become key to achieving these commitments, with some industries only able to decarbonise through CCUS, such as concrete or fertiliser production. Carbon capture has also moved away from vertically integrated systems, with single emitters having dedicated downstream transport and storage sites, to larger systems gathering CO2 with a shared transport and storage infrastructure.