Celebrate World Corrosion Awareness Day with 20% off eCourses and eBooks with code WCAD2024 at checkout!
The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) is attracting interest as a generator of electricity that does not emit greenhouse gases, provided that hydrogen is produced via clean processes. However, their large-scale commercialization is still limited by high cost and limited durability. As essential elements of the PEMFC, the bipolar plates (BPPs) enable the transport of electrons to the external circuit, guarantee the mechanical assembly of the cell, distribute the reactive gases, and evacuate the water.
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Components utilized in oil field operations are often exposed to harsh environments. Corrosion and wear of components and piping can be considered one of the main causes of failure. These components are exposed to high flow rates, high pressures, and other environmental conditions.
The U.S. has more than 2.6 million miles of pipelines that transport natural gas and petroleum products. These pipelines are subjected to various potential threats (e.g., aging, harsh environment, natural hazard) during their service lives. Particularly, corrosion that results in loss of metal on external or internal surfaces of pipelines is one of the leading causes of the pipeline failure.
Upstream oil and gas companies operate oil gathering systems comprising a flowline network and process facilities that transport the flow of produced fluids from the wells to a main processing plant. The frequency of corrosion related leaks has increased recently despite a corrosion inhibitor is injected at the wellhead into all flowlines. A root-cause analysis conducted by several companies revealed that severe internal corrosion was caused by a low fluid flow velocity an increasing water cut and the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in the production streams. Nevertheless it was not clear why some of the flowlines may leak while others do not leak despite the composition of produced fluids principal design parameters (diameter and length) dosage of corrosion inhibitor and environmental conditions of the flowlines are similar. A diagnostic analysis of different oil flowlines of was carried out to gain an understanding of why a first group of oil flowlines is developing leaks and why a second group of flowlines has not experienced leaks. The methodology used for the diagnostic analysis comprises 1) Ultra-High Definition simulation of 3-phase or 4-phase flow of gas oil water and solids; 2) 3D imaging of phase distributions inside critical sections of the oil flowlines as per NACE ICDA; 3) mapping adverse operational conditions; and 4) the determination of probability of failure in the critical sections based on criteria depending on the severity of operating conditions inside and outside the flowlines. It was found that multiple sections were exposed to stagnant water and/or had a fraction of internal surface area covered by a stationary bed of solids (formation solids produced from the well). The identified causes of potential leaks comprise the following failure mechanisms: a) metal loss caused by colonies of SRB b) composed load acting on the pipe wall and c) cyclic" thermal expansion/contraction of the flowlines due to seasonal ambient temperature variations. One of the surprising findings of this study was that a shorter flowline with a lower water cut may have multiple leaks while a longer flowline with a higher water may not leak at all approximately for the same period after commissioning. This result was explained with help of maps of adverse operational conditions constructed for the two groups of flowlines. Immediate corrective mitigation actions and preventive actions were implemented to reduce leak frequency including the installation of a novel automatic flushing system.
In this paper, a new concept named CP by distributed sacrificial anodes (DSA) is presented. The main principle of CP by DSA is to convert cathode area to anode area by distributing anode mass over the surface of the equipment to be protected.
Water chemistry definition in nuclear fusion research experiments is under development. Many nuclear fusion experiments, such as the Italian Divertor Tokamak Test Facility (DTT)[1], the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) [2] and Japan Torus-60 Super Advanced (JT60SA) [3] reactors consider the use of enriched boric acid (up to 95% 10B) in water to shield the superconducting coils by neutrons generated from nuclear fusion reactions in the plasma chamber.
Offshore oil production facilities are subject to internal corrosion, potentially leading to human and environmental risk and significant economic losses. Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) and reservoir souring are important factors for corrosion-related maintenance costs in the petroleum industry.1 MIC is caused by sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (SRP), which can be Bacteria (SRB) or Archaea (SRA), with the main focus in literature being on SRB.2–5 The microorganisms most frequently reported in literature to be responsible for MIC are the SRB; Desulfovibrio, Desulfobacter, Desulfomonas, Desulfotomaculum, Desulfobacterium, Desulfobotulus, and Desulfotignum, and methanogens.2,5
In recent years, several novel technologies have been proposed and developed to produce energy in a clean and sustainable way. However, in the foreseen future, fossil fuel will still be the major source to meet our needs on energy.1 The combustion of fossil fuel for power and heat is always accompanied by CO2 emission, which is believed to be in large correlation to global warming.2 To control the CO2 emission and reduce the negative effects, carbon capture and storage (CCS) has been rapidly developed in fossil fuel combustion power plants.3, 4 One of the crucial parts of CCS is the longdistance transportation of CO2, during which a large amount of captured CO2 is transported to storage sites. Pipeline network is chosen as transportation system due to its high efficiency and moderate cost.5 And the transported CO2 streams are usually compressed into supercritical CO2 (s-CO2).6
To restrain the failure of plate heat exchanger in customer boiler working fluid, the effect of crevice former type on the corrosion behavior of Type 316L (UNS S31603) stainless steel plate was investigated using electrochemical methods and surface analysis in chloride-containing synthetic tap water.
Effective highway bridge design in terms of strength, service, and economy can be made using prestressed concrete including post-tensioned (PT) construction.1-2 Bonded PT bridge designs incorporate high strength steel strand within tendon ducts and encapsulated with cementitious grout.3-4 The grout provides a protective barrier layer for the steel by preventing direct exposure to the external environment as well as facilitating the natural development of a thin passive oxide layer on the steel surface in presence of the high grout pore water pH.