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Corrosion in metallic industrial equipment, pipework, and vessels, when left unchecked, can lead to the full deterioration of wall-thickness. The presence of through-wall defects may lead to loss of production and costly shutdowns, in addition to environmental and safety hazards. One solution to this issue is the installation of a repair system using composite materials, which are durable for decades, easy to install, and a cost-effective to deploy option for bringing industrial equipment back to operation, even after a leak is detected. Internationally recognized organizations, such as ASME and ISO, set the rules for the design methodology, material testing, and training of personnel for this type of repair method.
The motivation for this work was to perform a comprehensive test program to investigate several commercially available composite repair systems and their interactions with cathodic protection. Multiple test methods were utilized to prove there remains a low probability of shielding for composites of typical thickness and in a typical environment. This work will also discuss how results from current industry qualification tests (such as those specified in ASME PCC-2) can be considered when making long-term decisions regarding the effects of cathodic protection on composite repairs and the pipelines on which they are installed. This paper provides an innovative approach to test and validate the interactions of cathodic protection with several commercially available composite repair systems.
Precipitation hardened (PH) nickel-base alloys are frequently used as engineering materials in the Oil & Gas industry. They excel because of their outstanding combination of strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance. In that regard, alloy N07725 is of high interest as it offers better corrosion resistance than the widely used N07718, while also offering better high temperature strength than solid-solution nickel-base alloys.
As onshore pipeline rights-of-way become more congested and urban sprawl increases, the number of horizontal directional drills (HDDs) will likely increase. HDD is a trenchless pipeline installation method that requires drilling a larger pilot hole where the mainline pipe can be subsequently pulled through the drilled hole. However, HDDs have an increased probability for coating damage, even when coated with traditional mill or field applied abrasion resistant overcoat (ARO).
ASTM Grade 29 titanium alloy (UNS R56404) has been traditionally used for oil and gas stress joints (TSJ). However, given the general difficulty of processing this type of alloy in the beta quenched condition and more recently the exorbitant increase in alloying costs due to the ruthenium, a new solution is required if titanium is to be considered for future applications. This 475 alloy was developed to meet geothermal requirements to replace Grade 29 seamless casing. The essential material properties of Grade 29 in bulk and welded condition as used for titanium stress joints were reported by Shutz et al.
Blue discoloration of off-white sealant in contact with copper tube at medical facilities underconstruction was observed. The copper tube was being installed to transport medical-grade gasses and the sealant was used as an acoustical and smoke sealant at through-wall penetrations. In some areas of one facility, galvanized steel pipes inserts were used as sleeves for the copper pipes through the drywall, while in other areas, the copper pipe penetrated directly through the drywall. Observations of the discoloration prompted an evaluation of the copper tube, sealant, and potential adverse interactions.
Facing the increasing industrial requirements on iron and steel products the importance of investigating hydrogen embrittlement has been rising straightly since Johnson first described the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of iron and steel in 1874. Since this day a lot of effort has been done on understanding and describing the mechanism of hydrogen embrittlement and how absorbed hydrogen performs in materials.