AMPP Store - Products tagged with 'iron carbonate'

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51318-10970-Performance of API 5L X65 in a 'sweet' followed by 'sour' environment

Product Number: 51318-10970-SG

Author: Maria Eleni Mitzithra / Shiladitya Paul

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

The corrosion behaviour of X65 steel in a mixed 1% H2S (in CO2) brine after exposure to a pure CO2-saturated brine at 40°C. The objective was to identify the scales formed and understand their effect on the corrosion performance of X65 steel upon transition from pure sweet to sour conditions.

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51318-11192-Investigation of FeCO3 and FeS Precipitation Kinetics by EQCM

Product Number: 51318-11192-SG

Author: Zheng Ma / Yang Yang / Bruce Brown / Srdjan Nesic / Marc Singer

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

In the present study, the precipitation kinetics of iron carbonate (FeCO3) and iron sulfide (FeS) were studied over a range of temperatures to gain a better understanding of their effect on corrosion resistance.

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Augmentation Of Iron Carbonate Corrosion Products Using Amino Acids In CO2 Corrosion Environments

Product Number: 51322-17754-SG

Author: Dilshad Shaikhah, Wassim Taleb, Bruce Cowe, Maalek Mohamed-Said, Anne Neville, Richard Barker

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Oil and gas production in a CO₂ saturated environment is known to lead to corrosion due to dissolved carbonic acid. However, when the conditions are favorable, a protective FeCO₃ layer can also form which reduces the material degradation of the underlying steel by up to ten or a hundred times.1 The formation of FeCO₃ is possible via the reaction shown in equation 1.

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Effect Of Steel Microstructure And Corrosion Product Characteristics On Inhibition Performance Of Decanethiol Against TLC

Product Number: 51321-16581-SG

Author: Z. Belarbi/ F. Farelas/ D. Young/M. Singer

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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Fe3O4, FeCO3 or FeS - Which Corrosion Product Will Prevail at High Temperature in CO2/H2S Environments?

Product Number: 51320-14413-SG

Author: Shujun Gao, Bruce Brown, David Young, Srdjan Nesic, Marc Singer

Publication Date: 2020

$20.00

Sweet (CO2) and sour (H2S) corrosion have continuously been a challenge in oil and gas production and transportation. Yet, some key issues are still not well understood, especially at high temperature production conditions. A CO2/H2S ratio of 500, which has been used (often inaccurately) to determine which corrosion mechanism is dominant, is probably even less valid at high temperature. The nature of the corrosion products forming at high temperature in CO2/H2S environments and their effects on the corrosion rate are not known. Finally, the impact on pipeline integrity of environmental changes between sweet and sour production conditions (simulating reservoir souring) has not been well documented. CO2, H2S, and CO2/H2S corrosion experiments were conducted at 120oC to investigate corrosion mechanisms and corrosion product layer formation at high temperature. The results show that the corrosion products were still clearly dominated by H2S under the pCO2/pH2S ratio of 550. Formation of Fe3O4, FeCO3, and FeS corrosion product layers had a direct impact on the measured corrosion rates and was dependent on the gas composition and on the sequence of exposure (CO2 then H2S and vice versa). Compared with H2S corrosion alone, the presence of CO2 could retard Fe3O4 formation in CO2/H2S mixture environment. No obvious change in steady state corrosion rate was observed when the corrosion environment was switched from CO2 to H2S and vice versa.

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Galvanic Interactions Between Surface Layers And Bare Carbon Steel In Aqueous CO2 Environments

Product Number: 51322-17654-SG

Author: Joshua Owen, Francois Ropital, Gaurav R. Joshi, Jean Kittel

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

In aqueous carbon dioxide (CO₂)-saturated environments, such as those found in geothermal energy, oil and gas and carbon abatement industries, various naturally occurring layers can be found on the internal surface of carbon steel infrastructure, such as pipelines, as they corrode in the mildly acidic conditions. Amongst the most commonly found layers are iron carbonate (FeCO₃), iron carbide (Fe₃C) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄). FeCO₃ can offer corrosion protection to the underlying steel when formed under certain conditions, as too can Fe₃O₄. Fe₃C is typically associated with enhancement of electrochemical activity of carbon steel and is revealed due to preferential dissolution of ferrite in the steel microstructure – through the formation of a porous network at the steel surface. Each of these layers play a fundamental role in the uniform and localized corrosion of the underlying carbon steel.

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In-situ Study of Iron Carbonate Formation Kinetics and Pseudo-passivation of Carbon Steel in Aqueous CO2 Environments

Product Number: 51324-20667-SG

Author: Joshua Owen; Richard C. Woollam; Francois Ropital; Annette Kleppe; Sabrina Marcelin

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This study introduces the design and implementation of a bespoke electrochemical flow cell in combination with in-situ Synchrotron Radiation-X-Ray Diffraction measurements (SR-XRD). The system enables high precision, real-time, in-situ measurements of iron carbonate (FeCO3) evolution on carbon steel in a flowing environment, as well as providing real-time, in-situ corrosion rate measurement through an integrated three-electrode cell. The custom cell is used to examine FeCO3 formation kinetics in a carbon dioxide (CO2)-containing aqueous environment, particularly in instances where the ‘pseudo-passivation’ phenomenon is reported to occur. Linear polarization resistance and anodic polarization measurements were performed in combination with the SR-XRD measurements to establish a detailed understanding of FeCO3 formation in real time and its relation to the corrosion behavior of carbon steel. It was observed that ‘pseudo-passivation’ occurred in conjunction with the growth of a highly protective FeCO3 layer under all conditions evaluated. Magnetite (Fe3O4), an oxide layer often attributed to the onset of ‘pseudo-passivation’, was not observed in these conditions, despite the high limits of detection of the technique.

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In-Situ Synthesis Of Corrosion Product-Polymer Composites On Carbon Steel For Enhanced Erosion-Corrosion Protection In CO2 Corrosion Environments

Product Number: 51322-17717-SG

Author: Dilshad Shaikhah, Bruce Cowe, Wassim Taleb, Anne Neville, Maalek Mohamed-Said, Richard Barker

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Hydrocarbons still remain as a fundamental contributor towards meeting the worldwide demand for energy, despite the growth of other alternative sources such as renewable and nuclear options. Due to low cost and availability, carbon steel, remains as the most commonly used material for pipelines in down and upstream activities within the oil and gas industry. However, carbon steel is not an exceptional metal alloy from the perspective of internal corrosion resistance. The economical cost for its degradation and related failures represent 10% to 30% of the maintenance budget in petroleum industry. It is therefore crucial that the corrosion of such a susceptible steel is managed and controlled accordingly.

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New Insight Into The Mechanisms Of Iron Carbonate Formation In Sweet Carbonate Reservoir During Acid Stimulation

Product Number: 51321-16531-SG

Author: Tao Chen/ Qiwei Wang/ Bader Al-Harbi/ Khalid Alnoaimi

Publication Date: 2021

$20.00

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SCC Of Tensile Wires At High CO2 Partial Pressure In Simulated Annulus Environments Of Flexible Pipes

Product Number: 51322-17898-SG

Author: Pedro Netto da Silva, Gaute Svenningsen, Arne Dugstad, José Antônio da Cunha Ponciano Gomes

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

Unbonded flexible pipes used for transporting process fluids in offshore oil and gas production systems have a complex structure, with alternate polymer and metallic layers. Tensile armors are metallic layers constructed by the helical wrapping of high strength carbon steel wires, and they are responsible for the integrity of the pipe. These armors provide axial strength and torsion resistance to the pipe so that it can sustain its own weight and resist to stresses associated to environmental conditions and vessel motion.

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The Effect of CO2 Partial Pressure on the Formation and Protective Characteristics of Iron Carbonate Corrosion Products

Product Number: 51324-20666-SG

Author: Amber Sykes; Robert Jacklin; Danny Burkle; Richard C. Woollam; Joshua Owen

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

This study investigates the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) partial pressure on the rate of formation and the protective characteristics of iron carbonate (FeCO3) corrosion product layers on X65 carbon steel in aqueous systems. Autoclave corrosion tests were performed at 80 °C in CO2-saturated 3 wt.% sodium chloride solution at partial pressures from 5.5 to 15.5 bar. Linear polarization resistance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy electrochemical methods were utilized to provide insight into the stages of corrosion product layer development. Analysis of the electrochemical response under each condition revealed key, distinguishable stages associated with the development of an FeCO3 layer as its role transitions from predominantly blocking steel active sites, to ultimately providing additional corrosion suppression through formation of a diffusion barrier. It was found that at higher CO2 partial pressures, the onset of diffusion control was accelerated, but the overall corrosion rate was greater than at lower pressures.

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The Influence Of Oxygen On Protective Iron Carbonate Scales Formed On Carbon Steel In CO2 Environments At Near-Neutral Ph

Product Number: 51322-17899-SG

Author: Pedro Netto da Silva, Gaute Svenningsen, Arne Dugstad, José Antônio da Cunha Ponciano Gomes

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

High strength carbon steel tensile wires confined in the annulus of flexible pipes might experience corrosion when the annulus is flooded with water, either due to outer sheath breaches or to condensation of water molecules permeating from the bore through the inner sheath. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) molecules may also permeate from the bore and reach the annulus, where it dissolves into water to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃).

Products tagged with 'iron carbonate'

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