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The Hanford Site stores over 50 million gallons (190 million liters) of legacy nuclear process waste that was generated from plutonium separations and waste management processes. This waste, in the form of supernatant liquids, saltcakes, and sludges is contained in large underground storage tanks, up to a million gallons (3.78 million liters) in capacity and lined with carbon steel. The waste was made highly alkaline to ensure passivation of the carbon steel, but it also contains nitrate, in high concentrations, along with fluoride and chloride that poses risks for stress corrosion cracking and pitting corrosion.
Detection, assessment and control of preferential weld corrosion (PWC) of carbon steels. Detailed case histories describe PWC. Mitigation in seawater pipelines, cooling water systems, wet gas piping, heat exchangers, etc. 2016 NACE E-Book
The Hanford Nuclear Reservation contains radioactive and chemically hazardous wastes arising mostly from weapons production, beginning with World War II and continuing through the Cold War. The wastes are stored in 177 carbon steel underground storage tanks, of which 149 are single-shell tanks (SSTs) and the remaining are double-shell tanks (DSTs). The U.S. Department of Energy, Office of River Protection is responsible for retrieving the tank wastes, treating them in order to encapsulate them in glass logs, and then permanently closing the tanks and associated facilities.
保温和防火材料下的腐蚀控制系统方法的推荐做法
DOWNLOADABLE HISTORICAL DOCUMENT. Current technology and practices for mitigating corrosion under thermal insulation and fireproofing materials.
检测、修补和缓解炼厂压力容器在湿H2S环境下发生开裂的
DOWNLOADABLE HISTORICAL DOCUMENT. Detection, repair, and mitigation of cracking of carbon steel pressure vessels, including columns, heat exchangers, drums, reboilers & separators in wet H2S petroleum refinery environments.
A weld hardness limitation to prevent in-service cracking of welds on P-1 steel equipment used in the refining industry. Factors related to such cracking: Corrosive environment. Hardness. Total stress. Historical Document 1976
Guidelines to prevent environmental cracking of weldments in carbon steel refinery equipment and piping. Welding processes: SMAW, GMAW, FCAW, GTAW and SAW.
Unbonded flexible pipes used for transporting process fluids in offshore oil and gas production systems have a complex structure, with alternate polymer and metallic layers. Tensile armors are metallic layers constructed by the helical wrapping of high strength carbon steel wires, and they are responsible for the integrity of the pipe. These armors provide axial strength and torsion resistance to the pipe so that it can sustain its own weight and resist to stresses associated to environmental conditions and vessel motion.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) saturated brines containing high levels of calcium are commonly encountered across the energy sector: from hydrocarbon recovery to the harvesting of geothermal energy and re-deposition of CO2 for permanent storage. These brines originate in deep underground reservoirs at elevated pressures and temperatures. Despite susceptibility to corrosive attack under these conditions, carbon steels are the preferred choice of pipeline materials for such processes, attributable to their low cost, availability and ease of manufacture.
Application of CP to control external corrosion of carbon steel on-grade storage tank bottoms that are in contact with an electrolyte. Both galvanic anode CP systems and impressed current CP systems.