AMPP Store - Products tagged with 'aboveground storage tank'

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51318-11567-Methodologies to Evaluate Compatibility between Cathodic Protection and Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors for Tank Bottom Applications

Product Number: 51318-11567-SG

Author: Sujay Math / Pavan K. Shukla

Publication Date: 2018

$20.00

Compatibility between vapor corrosion inhibitors (VCI) and cathodic protection (CP) for the tank bottom application. Guidelines presented for selecting an effective corrosion mitigation strategy for combined VCI and CP systems.

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CP upgrade options for aboveground storage tanks

Product Number: MPWT19-14297

Author: Mohammed Alotaibi

Publication Date: 2019

$0.00

Storage tanks are the primary means for storing large volumes of liquids and gaseous products. Metal
loss from internal and external corrosion can reduce the service life of a tank. It is important to maintain
the integrity of steel storage tanks for safety, economic, and environmental reasons.
Saudi Aramco implemented three different scenarios of cathodic protection (CP) during bottom plate
replacement for three typical tanks. The tanks’ bottom plates were replaced based on thickness
measurements and visual inspection that revealed severe corrosion from soil. The main reason for
such corrosion was due to the asphalt layer underneath the tank. It was considered during the
replacement of the bottom plate to provide a reliable external (CP) and leak detection system. The
purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the experience gained from executing CP upgrades, and to
provide the best option to ensure integrity, cost saving and fewer shutdown periods.

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Determining Migration of Vapor Corrosion Inhibitions Within Sandpad

Product Number: 51323-19365-SG

Author: Pavan K. Shukla, Roderick E. Fuentes, Andrew Nordquist, Bruce J. Wiersma, Laurie Perry

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Soil-side corrosion of the bottom plates of aboveground storage tanks is one of the main reasons for the tank bottom failures. Literature data and experimental work have shown that soil-side corrosion rates could reach as high as 50-100 mpy, indicating that soil-side corrosion could cause the tank-bottom failure in relative short periods, i.e., less than five years after initial installation or repairs. In addition, a recent study has shown that cathodic protection (CP) systems’ effectiveness could be questionable in up to 40 percent of the tanks.

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Effectiveness of Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors under Bacterial Activity for Aboveground Storage Tank Application

Product Number: 51324-20789-SG

Author: Pavan K. Shukla; Roderick E. Fuentes; Andrew Nordquist; Bruce J. Wiersma; Ingrid Pederson

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Bacterial activity is known to influence corrosion and can result in increasing soil-side corrosion of the aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) floor plates. Association for Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP) defines this phenomenon as Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC). It has been hypothesized that vapor corrosion inhibitors (VCIs) can not only function in presence of bacterial activity but can also function as biocides. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of bacterial activity on corrosion in the sand pad conditions and effect of VCIs in mitigating MIC. Various bacteria cultures were grown using commercially available culture media, and coupon exposure tests were performed with field sand mixed with the culture media. To this end, control and VCI-dosed electrolytes were prepared using the field sand plus bacteria cultures. Pre- and post-test bacteria concentration estimation and measurements, respectively, in the VCI-dosed electrolytes indicated that VCIs do not function as biocides, however, VCIs are highly effective for mitigating corrosion in presence of bacterial activity.

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Effectiveness of Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors under Elevated Chloride Conditions for Aboveground Storage Tank Application

Product Number: 51324-20791-SG

Author: Pavan K. Shukla; Roderick E. Fuentes; Andrew Nordquist; Bruce J. Wiersma; Ingrid Pederson

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

The sand quality used to construct the tank pad is an important contributing factor to the rate of corrosion that occurs on the soil-side of the aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) floor plates. Clean sand that meets specific criteria provides the first line of defense for mitigation of tank floor corrosion. However, it has been observed that the sand quality used for some existing tanks differ greatly from the specifications provided in the API 651 standard; this could be partially due to initial sand quality not meeting the specification, and partially due to the environmental effects over time. For example, rain-water intrusion could lead to higher than the specified contents of corrosive species such as chloride. Tank operators are increasingly using vapor corrosion inhibitors (VCIs) either as a stand alone or in combination with cathodic protection (CP) for ASTs to mitigate soil-side corrosion. VCIs are delivered either through-the-floor or injected through the ports in the ring wall. Experimental studies were conducted to evaluate VCIs’ performance at elevated chloride concentrations and to study the effectiveness of the delivery methods under extreme chloride conditions. The experimental work found that VCI performance is robust and not compromised due to high chloride levels, such as 300 ppm or more. The work also showed that the through-the-floor VCI delivery method is more beneficial compared to the through-the-sand-pad method when tank pad corrosivity is elevated.

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Evaluation of Cathodic Protection Effectiveness for Aboveground Storage Tanks

Product Number: 51323-19360-SG

Author: Pavan K. Shukla, Andrew Nordquist, Roderick E. Fuentes, Bruce J. Wiersma, Laurie Perry

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The need to evaluate effectiveness of the CP systems for the tank bottom applications arose after
completion of the PRCI-sponsored study (published in 2018) focused on evaluating VCIs’ performance
for mitigating the soil-side corrosion of AST bottoms. The 2018 PRCI-study objectives included
evaluating VCI effectiveness and comparing the VCI effectiveness data to active CP systems for ASTs
that were achieving AMPP (NACE) CP criteria for corrosion control. In the 2018-PRCI study, the
extensive amount of laboratory testing data and results indicated that VCIs are effective in mitigating
corrosion; however, a historical comparison of CP system effectiveness with VCIs for ASTs could not be
made due to a lack of documented CP effectiveness data.

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Pipeline New Construction Challenges

Product Number: 51317--8947-SG

ISBN: 8947 2017 CP

Author: Eric Langelund

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This paper discusses the many concerns related to new pipeline construction. Including
safety, testing, documentation and lessons learned. Also addressed are aboveground
storage tanks and some of their construction issues.

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SP0104-2020 The Use of Coupons for Cathodic Protection Monitoring Applications

Product Number: SP0104-2020

ISBN: 1-57590-196-X

Publication Date: 2020

$109.00

Revised in 2020! Cathodic protection (CP) coupons have been used since the 1930s by pioneers of the corrosion control industry, both in North America and in Europe. They have been shown to be a practical tool for determining the level of polarization of a structure and to confirm the IR drop in a potential measurement.

The purpose of this standard is to provide a method for evaluating the effectiveness of a CP system using coupons. It is intended for use by people who design and maintain CP systems for buried or submerged pipelines, underground storage tanks (USTs), on-grade storage tank bottoms, reinforcing steel in concrete, water storage tanks, and various other structures in buried or aqueous environments.

The body of the standard primarily addresses applications for coupons attached to buried pipelines. Appendixes cover the use of coupons for other applications, including USTs, aboveground storage tanks, internal surfaces of water tanks, and reinforced concrete structures.

This revision adds new appendixes on the use of coupons on cased pipelines and the use of coupons to measure alternating current interference data.

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Two-Coat Low VOC Maintenance System for DoD Aboveground Storage Tanks

Product Number: 41205-168-SG

Author: C. David Gaughen, Paul Anderson, Jason Bell

Publication Date: 2005

$20.00

To protect against corrosion, exterior Department of Defense (DoD) Aboveground Storage Tank (AST) surfaces initially receive a three-coat coating system consisting of epoxy primer (MIL-DTL-24441, Formula 159, Type III), epoxy intermediate (MIL-DTL-24441, Formula 152, Type IV), and polyurethane topcoat (MILPRF-85285D, Type II). Exterior AST maintenance painting is generally required at less than eight years’ service.

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Use Of Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitor For Tank Bottom Protection

Product Number: 51322-17879-SG

Author: Muhammad A. Sherwani

Publication Date: 2022

$20.00

EWPD of Saudi Aramco is the custodian of five large volume crude oil storage tanks with diameter of 106 m (348’) and 110 m (360’), where the crude oil is stored and transported from eastern region to western region. The tank which is being addressed in this paper is an API¹ 650 with floating roof. Its capacity is 1,013,000 barrels and its diameter is 110 m. This tank was built in 1978 on an oily sand pad and reinforced concrete ring wall. The inboard and sketch plates are 6.35 mm thick, and annular plates are 16 mm thick