AMPP Store - Products tagged with 'seawater'

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Development of Copper Alloys for Seawater Service from Traditional Application to State-Of-The Art Engineering

Product Number: 51317--9382-SG

ISBN: 9382 2017 CP

Author: James Michel

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

This paper describes the range of copper alloys in marine service today and the evolution of applications which include ships' cannon and hull sheathing in 18th and 19th century and condenser and seawater piping requirements which spurred concentrated investigations in the 20th century.

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Distributed Sacrificial Cathodic Protection – A New Cost Effective Solution to Prevent Corrosion on Subsea Structures

Product Number: 51317--8941-SG

ISBN: 8941 2017 CP

Author: Roy Johnsen

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

In this paper, a new concept named CP by distributed sacrificial anodes (DSA) is presented. The main principle of CP by DSA is to convert cathode area to anode area by distributing anode mass over the surface of the equipment to be protected.

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Effect of Microstructure on the Corrosion Resistance of Super Duplex Stainless Steels: Materials Performance Maps

Product Number: 51317--8923-SG

ISBN: 8923 2017 CP

Author: Mariano Iannuzzi

Publication Date: 2017

$20.00

In this work, the effect of Tungsten on the precipitation kinetics of a 25% Cr SDSS, namely, UNS S32760 was quantified by constructing Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) diagrams.

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Efficiency of Cathodic Protection of Stainless Steel in Confined Area - Further Understanding of the Protection Mechanism through Experimental Testing and Modeling

Product Number: 51324-20639-SG

Author: Charles Leballeur; Jean Vittonato; Nicolas Larché; Hervé Marchebois

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Cathodic protection (CP) of carbon steel has been extensively studied for structures exposed to the open sea. However, the knowledge and data available for carbon steel cannot be directly applied to stainless steels, especially in the case of confined surfaces that are prone to crevice corrosion. In the context of stainless steels, confined surfaces (such as the contact surfaces of fasteners or valves) are critical zones as crevice corrosion represents the primary failure mode for passive alloys in seawater. With CP, the local potential achieved in confinement areas is highly dependent on various factors, including the actual geometries (crevice gap, length, local pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO), ohmic drops, etc.). These factors can raise questions about the actual efficiency of CP if the current cannot reach the confined area. Conversely, if sufficient current can reach the confined area, the risk of hydrogen embrittlement (especially for strain-hardened or precipitation hardened alloys) should be taken into consideration. A specific experimental setup has been constructed to characterize the electrochemical behavior of stainless steel in a confined environment and the physicochemical properties of the confined seawater. The results have shown a complete deaeration of the confined seawater under all test conditions, along with an increase of the pH when CP is applied. The tests have also highlighted the significant impact of slight crevice gap variation on the current distribution. Based on the experimental findings, polarization curves representing confined environments have been generated. These curves have been integrated into a finite element model, allowing for the extrapolation of the experimental results to different crevice geometries. After a few centimeters, little to no current should be able to reach the confined surfaces if the crevice gap is inferior to 10µm. However, the risk of corrosion of stainless steels remains limited due to the local CP-induced chemistry at the interface. The CP also mitigates the ohmic drop in the confined area which also tend to reduce the risk of crevice corrosion.

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Impact Of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration In Seawater Injection Well On The Localized Corrosion Resistance Of Low Stainless Steel Grades

Product Number: 51323-19063-SG

Author: Charles Leballeur, Nicolas Larché, Perry Ian Nice, Bruce Cowe

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Stainless steels have been used for a wide range of applications in seawater. They are known to be susceptible to localized corrosion under given conditions. This is often the limiting factor for the use of stainless steels for seawater applications.

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Investigation of the mechanisms and kinetic of cathodic disbondment in seawater and soils

Product Number: 51323-19258-SG

Author: Erwan Diler, Krystel Pelissier, Abdelkader Meroufel, Nicolas Larche

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

Cathodic protection is used in addition to organic coatings to ensure the integrity of offshore and onshore buried structures against corrosion. The cathodic protection efficiency is usually ensured by keeping the potential of the structure to be protected in a narrow range following standard recommendations such as ISO 15589-1 and/or NF EN 12954. For onshore buried structures, this potential range is limited by the protection potential Ep and the limit potential El.

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Laboratory Study of Internal Corrosion and Cathodic Protection Concerns Related to Offshore Monopile Structures

Product Number: 51323-18894-SG

Author: Suresh Divi, Adam Rowe, Dan Efird

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

There have been several studies and publications over the past decade that clearly illustrate how initial assumptions about monopile interiors being perfectly sealed compartments were not correct in practice. Oxygen ingress through various points in the monopile contributes to persistent internal corrosion, and planned inspections are also opportunities to introduce fresh oxygen into the monopile. The replenishment of oxygen has been found to continue the corrosion reaction between the monopile wall and entrapped water.

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Localized Corrosion Limit of Use of S13%Cr (UNS S41427) Connector in Converted Injection Treated Seawater Well

Product Number: 51324-20714-SG

Author: Nicolas Larché; Marianne Kleive; Charles Leballeur; Eva Malmanger

Publication Date: 2024

$40.00

Many systems can be converted and used for different applications not initially planned. This is the case for production wells, sometimes converted into water injection wells and for which the production tubing material selection is clearly not adapted for prolonged contact with natural seawater. Oxygen removal treatment must be applied but precise control is not obvious and excursions above zero or close-to-zero oxygen can occur. The production tubing material S13%Cr are known to be sensitive to dissolved oxygen excursions in seawater, but data from the literature cannot precisely help in defining the allowed limits of use. Exploring the possibility to convert a production well into a treated seawater injection well then requires a careful assessment of the corrosion resistance limits of the involved alloys. A series of corrosion tests in treated seawater were designed to assess the limits of use of fast connector made of alloy UNS S41427. The corrosion tests were performed both at laboratory scale and on full-scale fast connectors in a treated seawater flow loops simulating service conditions. For all the performed tests, maintaining the dissolved oxygen content (DOC) at 15 ppb and below never led to localized corrosion and has been considered as a safe condition in terms of corrosion risk for alloy S41427 at ambient temperature. It was found that prolonged dissolved oxygen content (DOC) above 30±10 ppb may lead to initial crevice corrosion after only 4 h of exposure. Globally, a very good correlation between the laboratory and the full-scale test results was found. The critical crevice potential for alloy S41427 was significantly affected by the cleaning process of the tested coupons, while the stop of the corrosion was always measured for potentials reached at DOC < 10 ppb. The proposed methodology, involving both laboratory and full-scale tests, allowed to precisely quantify the limits of use of UNS S41427 in treated injection well. It could be used for any other material and applications to help at designing adapted and reliable engineering diagrams for material selections.

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Localized Corrosion of High-Grade Stainless Steels in Chlorinated Seawater

Product Number: 51323-18911-SG

Author: Nicolas Larché, Charles Leballeur, Sandra Le Manchet, Wenle He

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

In natural seawater, microorganisms can fix, grow and develop on practically any surface, including stainless steels, which may cause industrial issues such as microbial induced corrosion, loss of heat transfer efficiency, or undesired colonization from macro-fouling. In particular, the presence of a biofilm on passive alloys such as stainless steels or nickel-based alloys can strongly enhance the cathodic reactions such as reduction of dissolved oxygen, and shift the open-circuit potential (OCP) to the noble direction.This results in an increase in OCP, also called cathodic depolarization or biofilm-induced ennoblement, and affects the risk of localized corrosion, since the critical pitting or crevice potential can be exceeded.

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NACE Publication 7L192-2009-SG, Cathodic Protection Design Considerations for Deep Water Projects

Product Number: 24165-SG

Publication Date: 2009

$109.00

Literature on cathodic protection (CP) in the ocean at depths greater than 300 m (1,000 ft). Reports extensively on deep water field test results and operating experiences.

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NACE SP0499-2012 "Corrosion Control and Monitoring in Seawater Injection Systems"

Product Number: 21237-SG

Publication Date: 2012

$179.00

HISTORICAL DOCUMENT. For corrosion engineers and others involved in corrosion control of seawater injection systems. Controlling and monitoring for corrosion, bacteria, and water quality. Equipment and practices.

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New Super-Austenitic Grade Alloy 35Mo (UNS N08935) with Excellent Corrosion Properties for Refinery and Petrochemical Industry

Product Number: MECC23-20125-SG

Author: Johan Salwén; Barinder Ghai

Publication Date: 2023

$20.00

The super-austenitic grade Alloy 35Mo has recently been developed and already been installed in shell-and- tube heat exchangers globally. The grade has shown excellent results in different laboratory tests. However, the grade must also be tested in industrial environments, which will take some time until results can been obtained.

Products tagged with 'seawater'

Association for Materials Protection and Performance